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Sociology
Q:
Contrast the perspectives of modernization and dependency theories. First, define modernization theory and explain two objectives of economic development projects. Then discuss the criticisms of this approach that have emerged in Latin America. Why did Latin American theorists argue that Latin American nations could not be competitive in the global economic system? What did they suggest that underdeveloped nations do?
Q:
Why are anthropologists interested in the anticolonial and independence movements? When did the majority occur, and summarize reasons for this. Identify three strategies commonly used to gain independence and how external forces often contributed to the quest for independence.
Q:
Explain where and when the so-called Triangle Trade occurred, identifying the three primary commodities the text discusses in this exchange network. Contrast the production and exchanges that occurred in the Caribbean plantation economy with the exchanges occurring between European trappers and Native American populations in North America.
Q:
Why was European colonialism such an important component of the development of the global economic system? Why was Columbus's voyage to the New World tied to the trade network occurring in the Old World? Explain how discovery of gold and silver in the New World and colonization facilitated Europe's participation in the Old World trade network? Specifically, why is the Opium War of 1839 an important example of how the trade network changed with colonization?
Q:
How were the Old World long-distance trade routes a precursor to the global economy? First, provide two examples of the commodities exchanged by Arab and Chinese traders, discussing how these products circulated from Asia to Europe. How and when did the movement of slaves occur in the eighth and ninth centuries?
Q:
Discuss where and when agricultural production is first seen in the historical record. What technologies does this subsistence strategy entail? Identify and explain changes that occur with the transition to the agricultural subsistence strategy, providing a total of three examples of social, political, and demographic changes that occur in societies practicing agriculture that occur with food production that are not seen in horticultural, pastoral, or foraging lifestyles.
Q:
Why is understanding the foraging lifestyle so important to economic anthropologists? When did humans first use this adaptive strategy, and how many humans rely on this practice today? What are the primary locations where it is practiced today? What have anthropologists learned about this lifestyle through studies of the Dobe !Kung? Think specifically of the resources and means of obtaining them, settlement patterns, and division of labor.
Q:
How does tracing the links in the chain as commodities origination in Cte d"Ivoire inform us of the complex dynamics in the global economy? After defining the term commodity chain and identifying the commodities produced and exported from this nation, discuss how the recent history of this former colony illustrates three important dimensions of the global economy.
Q:
Emilio Moran's Anthropological Center for Training and Research aims to:
a. produce sustainable goods to limit use of coal in British factories.
b. train anthropologists to develop advanced technologies for measuring climate change.
c. use anthropological skills to study changing uses of Amazonian fields across time.
d. teach scientists ethnographic skills and methodologies so they can study climate change.
e. interview Himalayans about how they are coping with water shortages.
Q:
The author does NOT discuss ________ as an example of ecological crisis.
a. monsoons and flooding in Bangladesh
b. heat waves and droughts in the United States
c. a rise in temperatures across the globe
d. food shortages despite farm mechanization
e. an increase in the number of underground aquifers in Asia
Q:
The author considers ________ critical for striking a balance with nature.
a. switching from the use of petroleum to solar and power
b. increasing consumption of goods to grow the economy
c. maintaining population growth at current levels
d. reducing the number of nation-states in the globe
e. encouraging more people and nations to purchase on credit
Q:
According to the text, ________ is/are a direct cause of global warming.
a. turtle hunting in Honduras
b. the melting ice sheets in the Himalayas
c. the shift to production of organic foods
d. carbon emissions from gas and oil fuels
e. growing manioc in the Amazon
Q:
Currently, the world is consuming natural resources at a rate ________ sustainable levels.
a. 25 percent less than
b. 50 percent more than
c. 100 percent less than
d. equal to
e. five hundred times
Q:
Which of the following does the author identify as a success the global economy has achieved in the past sixty years?
a. School enrollments have more than doubled across the globe.
b. Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent.
c. A reduction in poverty: fewer than one million people across the globe go hungry each day.
d. Life expectancy has risen by 50 percent to seventy-eight years in the past century.
e. A decline in child malnutrition resulting in fewer than one million deaths annually.
Q:
The author discusses that the Chinese restaurant workers who enter the United States through New York:
a. have typically learned English before arriving in the United States, so they do not need English classes.
b. tend to come from larger cities such as Beijing and have experience working in restaurants.
c. save up for years before making the journey, so that they have no debts on arrival.
d. frequently suffer physical and emotional stress as underpaid employees working long hours.
e. have no way of keeping in touch with their families at home.
Q:
As discussed in the text, one of the frictions resulting from the interconnectedness of the global economy is deforestation of the rainforest in:
a. Chiapas, Mexico.
b. Kalimantan, Borneo.
c. Osaka, Japan.
d. Sao Paolo, Brazil.
e. Yunnan, China.
Q:
The text discusses the Tsukiji fish market as an example of a global commodity chain because:
a. one can trace the hands fish pass through in a network that connects previously unconnected people and locations.
b. merchants in Tokyo opted to sell only local produce to make the market more sustainable.
c. it has become the largest tourism attraction in Tokyo.
d. it is a shifting of core and periphery because goods and money are flowing from the periphery to the core.
e. prices for tuna are determined on the New York Stock exchange rather than in Tokyo, with the standardized prices improving the income of Japanese fishermen.
Q:
As discussed in the text, all of the following were negative reactions to neoliberalism, EXCEPT:
a. the 1999 anti"World Trade Organization protests in Seattle.
b. Many Latin American nations repaying their International Monetary Fund (IMF) debts and rejecting further aid.
c. protests by European workers to measures that cut their income or standard of living.
d. developing nations' refusal to ratify international treaties that protected farmers in the United States.
e. increased support for government spending on Medicaid and Social Security payments.
Q:
Neoliberal economic policies:
a. promote state spending on health care to ensure a higher quality of life.
b. increase tariffs and taxes on industry to provide revenue for building the infrastructure.
c. advocate limiting the profits of international corporations.
d. have resulted in an overall improvement in living conditions across the globe.
e. seek to eliminate trade barriers across international boundaries and promote trade.
Q:
Structural adjustment programs are associated with:
a. an increase in the government spending on education and health care.
b. an increase in the state's role in local and international economics.
c. privatization of state-owned enterprises.
d. strict regulation of local labor markets.
e. reduction in Third World debt.
Q:
The position that the free market and free trade rather than the state are the main
mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with:
a. John Keynes.
b. Adam Smith.
c. Karl Marx.
d. Henry Ford.
e. Immanuel Wallerstein.
Q:
________ advanced the position that capitalism works best when the government has a role in moderating the basic welfare of all its citizens.
a. John Keynes
b. Adam Smith
c. Karl Marx
d. Henry Ford
e. Immanuel Wallerstein
Q:
According to the text, in the contemporary world, global cities are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. a well-developed infrastructure.
b. local transportation and communications systems.
c. a skilled labor force.
d. large-scale industrial manufacturing.
e. advanced communication technology.
Q:
Fordism is best defined as a(n):
a. conservative worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth.
b. flexible strategy that corporations use to accumulate profits during the era of globalization.
c. universal strategy for exploiting raw materials from colonized nations.
d. model of production based on a social compact between labor, capital, and government.
e. economic worldview that holds that government should play no role in economic growth.
Q:
According to the author, what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?
a. African scholars argued that industrialized countries were using the land and rain in East Africa to grow crops for export.
b. Anthropologists observed that inadequate natural resources made former colonies across the globe dependent on help from industrialized nations.
c. Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.
d. European scholars argued that flows of migrants from the global North to the global South made Europe dependent on immigrants as a labor source.
e. Former colonies became self-sufficient and did not experience underdevelopment.
Q:
In which way(s) has globalization affected the modern world system in the past forty years?
a. There is less predictability in the flow of goods between core and peripheral nations.
b. There are no longer any peripheral nations due to technological changes in manufacturing.
c. More than 80 percent of the world's population now lives in developed nations.
d. Semiperipheral nations have lost their economic power to peripheral nations.
e. The standard of living has declined dramatically in the core nations due to migration.
Q:
In the modern world system, peripheral nations:
a. are industrialized former colonial powers.
b. tend to draw resources from less developed regions and convert them into manufactured goods.
c. serve primarily as sources of raw materials, agricultural products, and cheap labor.
d. typically control the most lucrative economic processes.
e. are characterized by having a high standard of living.
Q:
The notion of the modern world system was developed by:
a. Karl Marx.
b. Immanuel Wallerstein.
c. Adam Smith.
d. John Keynes.
e. Henry Ford.
Q:
Following independence, many former colonies experienced:
a. decreases in poverty.
b. rapid economic growth.
c. marked improvement in the standard of living.
d. a need to take on international debt.
e. greater income equality.
Q:
Policy planners and national governments did not rely on ________ as routes to progress in former colonies.
a. interest-free loans to the nations of Latin America
b. scientific and technological expertise
c. developing the infrastructure
d. financial assistance from agencies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
e. input from anthropologists and other experts
Q:
Dependency theory is best defined as:
a. a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
b. a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
c. a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
d. a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
e. a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.
Q:
Underdevelopment is best defined as:
a. a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
b. a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
c. a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
d. a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
e. a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.
Q:
Neocolonialism is best defined as:
a. a term used to suggest that poor countries should reestablish their colonial relationships with wealthy countries.
b. a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
c. a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
d. a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
e. a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.
Q:
Development is best defined as:
a. a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
b. a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
c. a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
d. a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
e. a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.
Q:
Modernization is best defined as:
a. a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
b. a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
c. a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
d. a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
e. a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.
Q:
Globally, the movement toward independence from colonizing nations occurred:
a. in the early twenty-first century.
b. in the late 1700s.
c. in the mid-1800s.
d. in the late nineteenth century.
e. in the mid-twentieth century.
Q:
Haiti is a significant former colony because:
a. it was the first nation to gain independence from a colonial power.
b. it became the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent.
c. it was the first colony in the Caribbean to gain independence from Portugal.
d. widespread migration from Haiti to Britain occurred after Independence.
e. a film depicting the torture of Haitian nationalists was banned in France.
Q:
In the nineteenth century, European nations met at the Berlin Conference to decide how to divide up the lands, resources, and populations of:
a. North and South America.
b. the Caribbean.
c. China and Japan.
d. the Middle East.
e. the continent of Africa.
Q:
The goods exchanged in the Triangle Trade did not include:
a. fur.
b. people.
c. sugar.
d. cotton.
e. drugs.
Q:
The "Triangle Trade" discussed in the text linked:
a. Asia, Europe, and Africa.
b. Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
c. Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
d. Europe and Africa.
e. Europe and Asia.
Q:
European colonialism was achieved through:
a. creating a new market for goods formerly exported from the Orient.
b. advanced weaponry and military strategies.
c. short-term and equal exchanges with Caribbean islands.
d. cooperation through the governments of Spain and England.
e. policies that created a balance of power between colonizers and the colonized.
Q:
Europeans extrapolated ________ from the New World in order to enter into the Chinese trade routes of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
a. corn
b. copper
c. gold
d. slaves
e. porcelain
Q:
________ is the commodity most closely associated with early Chinese trade routes.
a. Fur
b. Sugar
c. Salt
d. Silk
e. Slaves
Q:
As described in the textbook, early international trade routes existed between ________ more than two thousand years ago.
a. North America and South America
b. the South Pacific and Hawaii
c. the Middle East and Southeast Asia
d. North America and eastern Africa
e. Central America and the Caribbean
Q:
According to the text, many scholars trace the origins of the modern world economic system to:
a. the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire.
b. Columbus's voyage to the New World.
c. the arrival of the Pilgrims in North America.
d. the Crusades.
e. the French settlement of Haiti.
Q:
In the United States, the system of taxation is a form of:
a. redistribution.
b. balanced reciprocity.
c. negative reciprocity.
d. generalized reciprocity.
e. capitalism.
Q:
Leveling mechanism can be described as:
a. aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
b. a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
c. practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
d. exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
e. a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.
Q:
Redistribution can be described as:
a. aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
b. a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
c. practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
d. exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
e. a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.
Q:
Negative reciprocity can be described as:
a. aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
b. a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
c. practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
d. exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
e. a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.
Q:
Balanced reciprocity can be described as:
a. aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
b. a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
c. practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
d. exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
e. a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.
Q:
Generalized reciprocity can be described as:
a. aims to build social relationships, with an obligation that the object returned will be of proportional value.
b. a form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
c. practices that reallocate resources among a group to maximize collective good.
d. exchanges that are made through bonds of affection, including among kin, without the expectation that they will be repaid in kind.
e. a pattern of exchange in which the parties seek to receive more than they give.
Q:
The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region is called:
a. carrying capacity.
b. demographics.
c. bartering.
d. subsistence strategy.
e. overpopulation.
Q:
The author associates all of the following problems with industrialized agriculture, EXCEPT:
a. chemical fertilizers and pesticides pose dangers to workers and to local water resources.
b. genetic engineering makes crops more susceptible to harsh weather and pests in the long term.
c. often fewer calories are used to produce food than the food provides when consumed.
d. industrial agriculture requires extremely high-energy input to support machinery and irrigation.
e. food irradiation poses potential safety and health risks.
Q:
Among other changes that occur with the transition to intensive agriculture:
a. population sizes tend to decrease.
b. peasants' surpluses are transferred to the dominant elite.
c. a more egalitarian lifestyle emerges.
d. populations became less sedentary.
e. trade tends to occur at the local level rather than at the long-distance level.
Q:
Agriculture developed in all of the following regions, EXCEPT:
a. the Andes.
b. the Fertile Crescent.
c. Mexico.
d. southern Africa.
e. China.
Q:
The process of transhumance involves:
a. slashing and burning vegetation from land.
b. moving livestock seasonally between different environments.
c. construction of terraces and channels.
d. occupational specialization and specialists including stone cutters.
e. establishment of permanent settlements.
Q:
Industrial agriculture is defined as:
a. food production involving the domestication of animals.
b. cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
c. practicing farming involving mechanization.
d. subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
e. cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.
Q:
Agriculture is defined as:
a. food production involving the domestication of animals.
b. cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
c. practicing farming involving mechanization.
d. subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
e. cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.
Q:
Pastoralism is defined as:
a. food production involving the domestication of animals.
b. cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
c. practicing farming involving mechanization.
d. subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
e. cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.
Q:
Horticulture is defined as:
a. food production involving the domestication of animals.
b. cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
c. practicing farming involving mechanization.
d. subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
e. cultivation strategy with nonintensive use of land and labor.
Q:
Foraging is defined as:
a. food production involving the domestication of animals.
b. cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
c. practicing farming involving mechanization.
d. subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.
e. cultivation strategy with intensive use of land and labor.
Q:
Humans first began to produce food approximately:
a. 1,000 years ago.
b. 200,000 years ago.
c. 100 AD.
d. 11,000 years ago.
e. 2000 BC.
Q:
Strategies for food production in nonindustrialized societies do NOT include:
a. pastoralism.
b. agriculture.
c. horticulture.
d. swidden farming.
e. foraging.
Q:
The ________ is composed of strategies for production, distribution, and consumption of goods.
a. economy
b. capital
c. commodity
d. core
e. outsource
Q:
Investigations of Cte d"Ivoire do not reveal which of the following complex dynamics seen in the global economy?
a. interconnectedness of farmers in Africa with global consumers
b. tensions between nation-states and transnational corporations
c. commodity chains that help to reinforce distinct national territories
d. strategic military interventions to police global economic flows
e. global financial markets affecting producers' compensation and quality of life
Q:
According to the text, ________ is a primary commodity exported from Cte d"Ivoire.
a. sisal
b. tea
c. peanuts
d. cocoa
e. bananas
Q:
The concept of the American Dream emphasizes and promotes the notions of meritocracy and social mobility as central to both national identity and the experiences of U.S. citizens. These notions assume that all citizens have equal opportunity for upward social mobility regardless of current class position. What is meritocracy and how does it relate to social mobility? Are both concepts experienced equally by U.S. citizens today regardless of class position? What are three examples of how class can affect individuals' experiences with meritocracy and social mobility? Given what you have read in the chapter on class and inequality, do you believe the American Dream is equally attainable to all U.S. citizens? Why or why not? Do you think the American Dream will become more equally attainable in the future? Why or why not?
Q:
Despite overall increased levels of income and wealth in the United States during the past four decades, poverty continues to be a societal issue. According to your textbook, what are two key theories that developed in the social sciences to identify the roots of poverty in the United States? How do these two theories differ and what elements might they share in common? What is meant by poverty as pathology versus poverty as a structural economic problem? Which theory do you find most convincing for identifying the root causes of poverty in the United States, and why? Do you think additional theories are needed to more fully address the underlying causes of poverty in the country and globally? What do you think is the appropriate role of the government in addressing the roots of poverty? What do you think is the appropriate role of the individual in overcoming poverty? Do you think poverty can be eradicated in the future? Why or why not?
Q:
Economists clearly reveal that both the income and wealth gaps in the United States are widening substantially. What is the difference between income and wealth? Can an individual have high income but little wealth? Which households tend to be at the bottom of the income and wealth gaps and which households are at the top? What are some of the reasons for the income and wealth disparities that exist in the United States today? Why are the U.S. income and wealth gaps widening despite increased globalization and access to educational opportunities? How do one's income and wealth affect his or her social mobility? What other systems of social stratification affect an individual's income and wealth and in what ways? How does Pem Davidson Buck's work with poor white people in rural Kentucky reflect how income and wealth are affected by other forms of social stratification?
Q:
Class is a topic that is not commonly discussed among most people in the United States, and yet it is a system of stratification that continues to affect peoples' daily lives. How often and in what context do you talk about class issues with family and friends? In what class position would you classify yourself and your family? How do you know what category to use to identify your class position? Does your class position differ from that of your parents or grandparents? Why or why not? Does your class position differ from that of your friends? Why or why not? What types of efforts do you make to increase your social mobility, and do you think the efforts will indeed help you increase your class position at some point in your lifetime? Given what you know about your own class position, why do you think that class is not commonly talked about in U.S. society? What other types of social stratification are more commonly discussed in public and how might they be drawing attention away from class issues?
Q:
Karl Marx, Max Weber, Pierre Bourdieu, and Leith Mullings are four theorists who have examined class as a system of stratification in societies. Which of the four theorists' approaches do you find most convincing? Describe the theorist's general approach to examining class and discuss how this particular approach differs from the approaches used by the other theorists. What makes this approach more convincing in your opinion? Do you think this approach is still an effective tool in examining class in societies today? Given the increasingly global nature of societal interconnections, do you believe this approach will continue to be useful in examining class systems in future societies? Why or why not? Do you think additional approaches will be needed to more fully examine class systems in the future? Why or why not?
Q:
Pierre Bourdieu argued that in addition to a family's economic circumstances, two additional key factors affect an individual's social mobility within society. What are these two additional key factors and how do they differ from each other? What are some examples that best illustrate these two key factors? How can these two factors limit one's social mobility? How can these two factors improve one's social mobility? How do you think these two factors affect your own social mobility in society? Are there individuals in societies who are not affected in any way by either of these factors? Please provide at least one example to support your argument.
Q:
Theorist Karl Marx argued that societies in the emerging capitalist economy of nineteenth-century Europe consisted of two distinct classes of people: those who own the means of production and those who must sell their labor in return for wages. What were these two distinct classes called? What other resources or factors distinguished these two classes, according to Marx? Does the two-class system espoused by Marx still hold relevancy in examining class systems in societies across the world today? Why or why not? Are there other classes that have developed since the time period during which Marx wrote? What is one example of a way in which Marx's theory could be applied to understanding societies living in a global economy today? Do you find Marx's theory helpful in understanding class and social inequality today? Why or why not?
Q:
The potlatch is a redistribution ceremony practiced among Native American groups such as the Kwakiutl people of the Pacific Northwest. The potlatch serves both a practical and ceremonial function in that it helps redistribute resources for the benefit of the group and it establishes social status and prestige via one's capacity for generosity. As a gift-giving practice, the potlatch is an important ceremony for some ranked societies. Do similar types of gift-giving practices occur in your own society? What are two examples of ceremonies in your own society in which gift giving takes place? What is the function of gift giving in these two examples and how does the act of gift giving benefit the giver, the receiver, and the social group more generally? What happens if an individual does not give a gift in the two examples you highlight? What influences from within and outside of your society may be changing the way in which gift-giving practices are occurring in the ceremonies you mention? Do you think gift giving will remain a practice within these types of ceremonies in the future?
Q:
Contemporary economic relations in many societies today tend to be organized around the exchange of money for services rather than around patterns of reciprocity. However, patterns of reciprocity still exist today even within highly stratified societies. What are three examples of patterns of reciprocity that are likely to occur in highly stratified societies today, and what purpose do they serve within or between social groups? How does gift giving relate to patterns of reciprocity and what may be some underlying motivations in gift giving that are related to group survival or benefit? Given the longevity of reciprocity as a social pattern within human evolutionary experience, do you think it will continue to be present within and among social groups in the future? Why or why not?
Q:
Hunger reflects growing global inequality and is a result of:
a. the uneven distribution of food despite the sufficient amount of food available to feed the world's poor.
b. the insufficient amount of food available to feed the world's population.
c. farmers abandoning their fields for high-paying factory jobs.
d. massive hunger strikes to protest the uneven distribution of resources.
e. the collapse of agribusiness following the global recession.
Q:
Globalization has produced unprecedented opportunities for the creation of wealth:
a. which has significantly reduced widespread poverty worldwide.
b. but it has also produced widespread poverty worldwide.
c. which has mostly benefited countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
d. which has decreased poverty globally, with the exception of China.
e. which has all but eliminated global poverty.
Q:
India's recent economic transformations are resulting in:
a. the development of new occupations and social mobility that are challenging the power of caste boundaries to maintain a system of stratification.
b. the decrease of social mobility and a hardening of caste boundaries.
c. the development of new occupations and the reduction of the number of castes from four to three.
d. the development of new occupations and the increase of the number of castes from four to six.
e. widespread rioting as the social order collapses.
Q:
A marginalized group outside of India's primary castes who are typically assigned the most spiritually polluting work and are deemed "untouchable" by the general population are the:
a. Brahmins.
b. Vaisyas.
c. Shudras.
d. Ksyatriyas.
e. Dalits.
Q:
In India's caste system, the population is divided into how many different castes, or varna?
a. twelve
b. seven
c. four
d. thirteen
e. two