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Sociology
Q:
Which of the following forms of reproductive technologies involves a woman whose uterus has been implanted with a fertilized egg in which the egg has come from another woman?
a. surrogacy
b. in vitro fertilization
c. artificial insemination
d. cloning
e. relational reproduction
Q:
Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?
a. surrogate fertilization
b. in vitro fertilization
c. artificial insemination
d. reproductive fertilization
e. fertile insemination
Q:
Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and cloning are four forms of which of the following types of technologies?
a. bilateral
b. reductive
c. propagative
d. reproductive
e. productive
Q:
Similar to membership in a family, citizenship in a nation-state derives mostly from:
a. birth and biology.
b. adoption and fostering.
c. cohabitating and co-feeding.
d. personal choice.
e. economic exchanges similar to bridewealth and dowry.
Q:
Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders?
a. nationalism and kinship
b. kinship and family
c. hegemony and kinship
d. nationalism and hegemony
e. family and hegemony
Q:
Kinship includes:
a. direct biological connections or marriage alliances only.
b. biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.
c. marriage alliances and fictive kin only.
d. biological connections only.
e. marriage only.
Q:
________is a gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom's and bride's extended families in the success of the marriage.
a. Bridewealth
b. Dowry
c. Bridal shower
d. Reciprocity
e. Groom purchase
Q:
Which of the following is the practice of formalizing and legalizing a marriage through the exchange of gifts from the bride's family to the husband's family?
a. endogamy
b. bridewealth
c. polygamy
d. dowry
e. exogamy
Q:
The practice of exchanging a gift from the groom and his family to the bride's family in order to formalize and legalize the marriage is called:
a. endogamy
b. bridewealth
c. polygamy
d. dowry
e. exogamy
Q:
Which of the following are the two primary forms of gift exchange that formalize and legalize marriages, while establishing a relationship tie or alliance between kinship groups?
a. bridewealth and endogamy
b. dowry and exchange
c. bridewealth and reciprocity
d. bridewealth and dowry
e. dowry and exogamy
Q:
Cousins who are children of a father's brother or a mother's sister are considered which type of cousin?
a. companionate cousins
b. affinal cousins
c. cross-cousins
d. parallel cousins
e. second cousins
Q:
Cousins who are children of a mother's brother or father's sister are considered which type of cousins?
a. companionate cousins
b. affinal cousins
c. cross-cousins
d. parallel cousins
e. second cousins
Q:
First cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) are legally prohibited:
a. in all fifty states in the United States of America.
b. in some states in the United States of America.
c. in no state in the United States of America.
d. in all Western countries.
e. universally.
Q:
The incest taboorules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parentsis:
a. universal across all cultures in the world.
b. very rare in world cultures.
c. a direct response to concerns about biological degeneration and abnormality.
d. inherited from our primate ancestors.
e. not regulated by law in Western countries.
Q:
The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:
a. between cousins, regardless of cross- or parallel cousin relationships.
b. between first cousins and between second cousins.
c. between parents and children and siblings.
d. between half siblings and parallel cousins.
e. between half siblings and cross cousins.
Q:
Which of the following is considered a general rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives?
a. incest moderation
b. incest regulation
c. incest law
d. incest taboo
e. incest prohibition
Q:
The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called:
a. serial polyandry
b. lineal polygamy
c. serial monogamy
d. lineal monotony
e. serial bigamy
Q:
Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?
a. polyandry
b. monogamy
c. polymandry
d. polygyny
e. monyandry
Q:
The marriage practice in which one woman is married to two or more men is considered:
a. polyandry
b. monogamy
c. polymandry
d. polygyny
e. monyandry
Q:
Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the union of one man to two or more women?
a. polyandry
b. monogamy
c. polymandry
d. polygyny
e. monyandry
Q:
Which of the following types of marriage is established based on love rather than strict social obligations?
a. inherited
b. lineal
c. disrupted
d. arranged
e. companionate
Q:
Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?
a. arranged
b. disrupted
c. companioned
d. reproduced
e. inherited
Q:
Which of the following statements about marriage is true?
a. Marriage occurs in every culture and is found in identical form wherever and whenever it exists.
b. Marriage occurs in every culture in some form, but its exact characteristics vary widely.
c. Marriage occurs in only a few cultures, but is found in identical form wherever and whenever it exists.
d. Marriage occurs in only a few cultures, but takes a unique form wherever and when ever it exists.
e. Marriage occurs in every culture in some form, and that form does not change over time.
Q:
Which of the following commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and shared legal rights to property and inheritance?
a. lineage
b. marriage
c. heredity
d. descent
e. biology
Q:
New kinship groups created through affinal relationships are:
a. linked through affinity and alliance, not through shared biology or common descent.
b. traced through consanguine or "blood" relatives.
c. distinguished by relation to a founding ancestor.
d. only achieved through arranged marriages.
e. found only in very few cultures.
Q:
Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?
a. blood
b. marriage
c. lineage
d. descent
e. dowry
Q:
Humans form kinship groups via affinal relationships, which are most commonly achieved through:
a. unionization.
b. insemination.
c. globalization.
d. divorce.
e. marriage.
Q:
Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?
a. democratization
b. neoliberalization
c. globalization
d. politicalization
e. idealization
Q:
By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:
a. there were more than seventeen different ways of organizing relatives.
b. there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.
c. there is only one way of organizing relatives.
d. there is no consistent way of organizing relatives.
e. there are as many different ways of organizing relatives as there are families.
Q:
Early anthropologists identified how many primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation, including the bifurcate merging system?
a. two
b. seven
c. nine
d. four
e. five
Q:
The practice of requiring an individual to marry someone within their own group is considered:
a. endrogamy.
b. androgamy.
c. endogamy.
d. polygamy.
e. exogamy.
Q:
The practice of marriage to an individual outside of a particular group of people is termed:
a. endrogamy.
b. androgamy.
c. endogamy.
d. polygamy.
e. exogamy.
Q:
Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:
a. endogamous.
b. monogamous.
c. polygamous.
d. polydromous.
e. exogamous.
Q:
Most people in the world practice which type of descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership?
a. matrilineal
b. monolineal
c. polylineal
d. patrilineal
e. colineal
Q:
Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:
a. unilineal descent groups.
b. polylineal descent groups.
c. cognatic descent groups.
d. monolineal descent groups.
e. bilineal descent groups.
Q:
Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?
a. ambilineal
b. unilineal
c. polylineal
d. bilineal
e. monolineal
Q:
Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother's side) or the other (the father's side), which reflects which type of descent?
a. ambilineal
b. cognatic
c. bilateral
d. patrilineal
e. unilineal
Q:
A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?
a. mother's
b. sibling's
c. grandparent's
d. father's
e. cousin's
Q:
Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family?
a. patrilineal
b. matrilineal
c. ambilineal
d. bilateral
e. cognatic
Q:
A type of descent group that is based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacks genealogical documentation is a:
a. relation.
b. marriage.
c. clan.
d. lineage.
e. bridewealth.
Q:
Which of the following is defined as a type of descent group that traces genealogical connections through generations by linking individuals to a founding ancestor?
a. companionates
b. marriages
c. families
d. clans
e. lineages
Q:
The two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists are clans and:
a. lineages.
b. descents.
c. heredities.
d. cognatics.
e. cousins.
Q:
Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States via "blood" relations are generally called which of the following types of relatives?
a. unilineal
b. sanguine
c. ambilineal
d. cross-related
e. consanguineal
Q:
Which of the following cultures has generally NOT constructed large social networks based on descent and kinship connections?
a. United States
b. Nuer
c. Maori
d. Samoan
e. Lu
Q:
Early anthropologists considered which of the following groups as key to understanding each culture's economic, political, and religious dynamics?
a. ascent groups
b. unilineal groups
c. descent groups
d. ambilineal groups
e. consanguineal groups
Q:
One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:
a. ascent.
b. kinship.
c. family.
d. descent.
e. monogamy.
Q:
Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals' lives:
a. outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.
b. outside of the household, including ways they think about issues like gender roles, the division of labor, and religious practices, but not issues like warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.
c. outside of the household, including ways they think about issues like warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism, but not issues like gender roles, the division of labor, and religious practices.
d. inside of the household only, and never shapes individuals' lives outside of the household.
e. until they reach adulthood and start their own families, at which point the enculturation of their youth ceases to shape the way they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.
Q:
Individuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed:
a. enculturation
b. adaptation
c. adoption
d. indoctrination
e. proselytization
Q:
The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is:
a. a nearly universal, cross-cultural understanding of kinship.
b. a Euro-American ideal.
c. a stable model that matches the lived experience of most Americans.
d. proven to be the best structure for society.
e. unfamiliar as a cultural icon.
Q:
Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?
a. a subsequent marriage
b. economic resources
c. the next generation
d. the political system
e. social norms
Q:
Which of the following statements about kinship is true?
a. Kinship is the only means through which humans form groups in any given society.
b. Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society.
c. Kinship groups arise predominantly around the nuclear family.
d. Kinship is not influenced by nonbiological relationships such as marriage.
e. Unlike other aspects of culture, kinship is understood similarly across all cultures.
Q:
All colleges now have sexual-offense policies that describe their expectations for how men and women are expected to act toward each other. Describe how Antioch College's particular policy differed from the prevailing view of the time and its results.
Q:
Discuss the role of colonial powers in regulating sexuality in the colonies. How did colonial legislation impact colonial employees of companies such as the Dutch East India Company, their wives, colonized women, and colonized men? How does attention to intersectionality in this historical example help to illuminate the connection between power and sexuality?
Q:
European colonizers used particular strategies to control the sexual practice of people under their rule. Imagine that you are an unusually progressive young anthropologist who has been recruited by the British East India Company or another European colonial power to make a study of the application of those strategies. What are your findings, and what research methods do you use to obtain them? What are your ethical concerns?
Q:
How did sexology contribute to establishing heterosexuality as the dominant erotic ideal in the United States? Despite his findings that human sexuality is marked by diversity, flexibility, and fluidity, in what two ways did Kinsey's research contribute to the establishment of heterosexuality as the dominant erotic ideal? Do you think this ideal remains in U.S. culture today? Why or why not?
Q:
Compare and contrast gay and lesbian commitment ceremonies with the traditional "white wedding." How might the differences between these rituals be minimized by the legalization of same-sex marriage? In what ways are gay and lesbian commitment ceremonies both rituals of acceptance and resistance?
Q:
In White Wedding: Romancing Heterosexuality in Popular Culture (2008), sociologist Chrys Ingraham asserts that brides are not born, but rather made. Identify some examples of the enculturation process. Discuss the implications of the romanticized ideal of weddings. How do these ideals differ from the reality of the "white wedding" as they intersect with gender, class, and racial inequalities?
Q:
Define sexuality and, using a minimum of three examples from the text, describe the ways in which culture influences sexual beliefs and behaviors.
Q:
Compare and contrast the perspective on human sexuality offered by evolutionary biologists and cultural constructionists. What factors do evolutionary biologists study to learn more about human sexuality? How does this compare to the factors an anthropologist with a cultural constructionist perspective might investigate? Which approach do you find most valuable?
Q:
In which ways does scientist and author Jared Diamond suggest that human sexuality is distinct from other mammals? Identify three ways in which humans differ from most other mammals, and discuss the possible implications of these distinctions as they intersect with other areas of interest for cultural anthropologists (e.g., kinship, gender, class, and religion).
Q:
Using historical and cross-cultural examples provided in the text, evaluate the value of an anthropological approach to sexuality. What do historical and cross-cultural cases of sexuality tell us about sexual norms? Did you learn anything in this chapter about sexuality that you had previously taken for granted? If so, what did you learn? If not, provide an example of something discussed in the chapter that you think someone in an older generation might be surprised to learn.
Q:
Define sex work and describe its role in Denise Brennan's research in the Dominican Republic and in Patty Kelly's research in Mexico. What are some similarities and differences between these two cases? Do the sex workers in one case appear to be more or less secure than sex workers in the other? Why or why not? What is the impact of globalization in each case?
Q:
Trips organized through the tourism sector to facilitate commercial sexual relationships between tourists and local residents in destinations around the world are called:
a. sexcations.
b. all-inclusive sexual outings.
c. sexual entrepreneurship.
d. sex tourism.
e. sex camp.
Q:
The text offers examples of sex tourism destinations around the world. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?
a. France
b. Costa Rica
c. the Dominican Republic
d. Thailand
e. Brazil
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua?
a. to make money
b. to have a vacation
c. to marry a tourist
d. to provide for their families
e. to obtain a European visa
Q:
Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:
a. white American men.
b. black American men.
c. white European women.
d. Asian men.
e. white European men.
Q:
In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:
a. gay.
b. homosexual.
c. masu harka.
d. sex tourist.
e. mati.
Q:
Masu harka and "yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:
a. incompatible with marrying women and having families, and as incompatible with their Muslim faith.
b. compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith.
c. incompatible with marrying women and having families, but as compatible with their Muslim faith.
d. compatible with marrying women and having families, but as incompatible with their Muslim faith.
e. embracing Western decadence and rejecting their Nigerian heritage, especially their Muslim faith.
Q:
All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT:
a. build a sense of community.
b. make a decent living.
c. get health care.
d. work out unresolved childhood issues.
e. develop a sense of dignity.
Q:
Anthropologist Patty Kelly found that men who visited the brothel in Chiapas were mostly:
a. local working-class men.
b. local wealthy men.
c. foreign middle-class men.
d. foreign wealthy men.
e. foreign working-class men.
Q:
Anthropologist ________used her research in a Mexican brothel to encourage a rethinking of the U.S. public policy debate over the criminalization of sex work.
a. Patty Kelly
b. Denise Brennan
c. Deborah Cameron
d. Ann Stoler
e. Ellen Lewin
Q:
Nigerians do not regard homosexuality as:
a. an authentically African lifestyle.
b. part of the Western influences that have been flooding into Africa for years.
c. a new front of Western imperial domination.
d. forbidden by Muslim sharia law.
e. a marginalized status.
Q:
"Yan daudu use language as a tool with which to challenge the dominant norms of ________ culture.
a. northern Nigerian
b. eastern Nicaraguan
c. Antioch College
d. western Suriname
e. southern Kenyan
Q:
All of the following are examples of sexuality in contemporary media and politics, EXCEPT:
a. international campaigns for gay and lesbian rights.
b. the ongoing conversation about sexual violence on college campuses.
c. the U.S. public policy debate over the criminalization of sex work.
d. the debate over U.S. intervention in Syria.
e. the overturning of DOMA.
Q:
According to the text, which of the following has seen an increase in attention to policies addressing sexual violence?
a. college campuses
b. synagogues
c. malls
d. nursing homes
e. prisons
Q:
Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011).
a. class; age
b. race; age
c. sexuality; religion
d. class; gender
e. race; sexuality
Q:
In reality, the colonial boundaries that were intended to distinguish communities of colonizers from their colonial subjects:
a. were much more clear, simple, and solid than anticipated.
b. were much more complicated, fragile, and fluid than anticipated.
c. were largely uncomplicated by the colonizers' class position.
d. generally ignored.
e. became unenforceable only after restrictions on the immigration of European women were lifted.
Q:
The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?
a. political
b. economic
c. sexual
d. religious
e. domestic
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an example of the attempt to regulate aspects of sexuality by cultural institutions such as the government?
a. age of consent
b. divorce
c. age of licensed driver
d. reproductive rights
e. marriage
Q:
________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.
a. Bronislaw Malinowski
b. Michel Foucault
c. Franz Boas
d. Brian Fontana
e. Sylvester Gutierrez