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Sociology
Q:
Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape is called:
a. sadomasochism.
b. partner violence.
c. sexual violence.
d. abusive violence.
e. partner abuse.
Q:
The experience of being a middle-class black lesbian:
a. is the same as the experience of being a middle-class white lesbian.
b. is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black heterosexual woman.
c. is a unique status reflecting the intersectionality of race, class, and sexuality.
d. is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black heterosexual man.
e. is the same as the experience of being a middle-class black homosexual man.
Q:
Students at Antioch College developed a sexual offense policy centered on which of the following guidelines?
a. "safety first"
b. "no means no"
c. "just say no"
d. "yes means yes"
e. "sex is only for procreation"
Q:
Colonial corporations such as the Dutch East India Company regulated sexual activity and marriage among employees. Their regulations did NOT include:
a. recruiting only married men, who were encouraged to travel with their wives and children in tow.
b. restricting immigration of European women to Asia.
c. recruiting bachelor males and prohibiting them from marrying women of the colonies.
d. encouraging male employees to live with imported slaves or concubines.
e. prohibiting colonized women from claiming citizenship in the colonial homeland or any rights as spouses of colonizers.
Q:
The way systems of power interconnect to affect individual lives and group experiences is called:
a. intersectionality.
b. heterosexual imagery.
c. sexology.
d. globalization.
e. homogenization.
Q:
________ are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual.
a. Funerals
b. Weddings
c. Baptisms
d. Bar mitzvahs
e. Graduation ceremonies
Q:
People whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth may identify as:
a. hypersexual.
b. bisexual.
c. homosexual.
d. mixed gender.
e. transgender.
Q:
Scientists have found that human sexuality:
a. fits into several simplistic categories.
b. is marked by diversity, flexibility, and fluidity.
c. fits into only two categories: normal and deviant.
d. always remains the same over an individual's lifetime.
e. is impossible to quantify.
Q:
The scale describing a spectrum of human sexuality with exclusively heterosexual behavior on one end and exclusively homosexual behavior on the other is known as:
a. the Human Sexuality Scale.
b. the Kinsey Scale.
c. the Harvard Scale.
d. the Malinowski Scale.
e. the Mead Scale.
Q:
DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?
a. Marriage is the legal union between any two U.S. citizens.
b. Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.
c. Marriage is a union between one man and one woman recognized by a religious institution, but not the U.S. government.
d. Marriage is a union between any two individuals recognized by a religious institution, but not the U.S. government.
e. Marriage is a union between one man and no more than three women.
Q:
The "wedding industry" is which of the following?
a. a reality television show about weddings in different cultures
b. a store that sells traditional wedding packages in Romania
c. the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States
d. the name of a sex tourism promotion company in the Dominican Republic
e. an emerging field of study for cultural anthropologists
Q:
Heterosexuality in the United States:
a. is the country's historical norm of sexuality.
b. is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.
c. refers to reproductive intercourse between a man and a woman only.
d. was enshrined by Victorian society as a Christian ideal.
e. excludes erotic feelings for the opposite sex as a perversion.
Q:
Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?
a. a strict dichotomy between heterosexuality and homosexuality
b. a set of simplistic sexual categories
c. sexual behaviors remain fixed over the course of a lifetime
d. a continuum of sexual behavior
e. most Americans identified as homosexual
Q:
According to the text, the idea that masturbation was a form of self-abuse is most characteristic of which period?
a. the 1960s
b. the Renaissance
c. the Industrial Revolution
d. the Victorian era
e. the 1980s
Q:
The Victorian ideal of sexuality was heavily influenced by which of the following:
a. the government
b. Christian teachings
c. science
d. media
e. globalization
Q:
Which of the following is defined as "attraction to and sexual relationships with members of the same sex"?
a. bisexuality
b. heterosexuality
c. transgender
d. homosexuality
e. asexuality
Q:
Which of the following is described as a lack of attraction to others?
a. homosexuality
b. bisexuality
c. asexuality
d. heterosexuality
e. sexual violence
Q:
Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:
a. ethnomusicology of human sexuality.
b. comparative sexuality project.
c. ethnocartography of human sexuality.
d. globalization of human sexuality.
e. global human sexuality experiment.
Q:
Initiation ceremonies among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea involve the transfer of semen between:
a. older men and young men.
b. young men and their wives.
c. young men and older women.
d. young men and other men in their age cohort.
e. older men and other men in their age cohort.
Q:
In Nicaragua, machismo:
a. must be constantly performed to retain one's social status.
b. only affects social status when performed in the presence of women.
c. only affects social status when performed in the presence of other men.
d. is a status only available to men who have sex with women.
e. is an egalitarian social practice.
Q:
Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:
a. a manly man.
b. a cochon, or gay man.
c. a sex worker.
d. a weak man.
e. a female.
Q:
Machismo is defined as:
a. homosexuality in Latin American countries.
b. a ritual of initiation among Nigerian men.
c. a ritual of initiation among men in Papua New Guinea.
d. a strong, sometimes exaggerated performance of masculinity.
e. a dance performance among women in Mexican brothels.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is true?
a. "Mati work" parallels European ideas of lesbianism.
b. Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity.
c. Mati marry men for children and economic stability while maintaining "visiting relationships" with female partners.
d. "Mati work" is a practice that was transferred from the Netherlands to its colony, and that later disappeared in the Netherlands while persisting in Suriname.
e. Mati relationships in the Netherlands are a model of egalitarianism for traditional heterosexual couples.
Q:
Mati may engage in sexual relationships with:
a. men.
b. women.
c. no one.
d. men and women.
e. only other mati.
Q:
Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:
a. machista.
b. mati.
c. lesbian.
d. masu harka.
e. sex tourists.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT fit in the definition of sexuality in the text?
a. the cultural arena within which people debate ideas about what behaviors are appropriate
b. the range of desires and beliefs related to erotic physical contact
c. the public display of wealth to gain community status
d. the use of ideas about what is "natural" to create unequal access to status and power
e. the range of behaviors related to intimacy and pleasure
Q:
According to contemporary cultural anthropologists, humans in most cultures engage in sexual activity:
a. both for procreation and fun.
b. for procreation only.
c. for fun only.
d. as a form of economic exchange.
e. very seldom.
Q:
Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?
a. seagull mating patterns
b. the human genome
c. neurochemical responses
d. a Christian dating forum
e. Ukrainian festival organization
Q:
Physical anthropologist Helen Fisher suggests that neurochemicals guide humans through which of the following experiences?
a. forming community networks
b. collecting and preparing food
c. creating household alliances
d. falling in love
e. early childhood development
Q:
Contemporary anthropologists study sexuality:
a. in cultures worldwide, including Western cultures.
b. only in cultures that are remote and poorly understood.
c. only in cultures where intense homophobia is present.
d. in cultures worldwide, with the exception of Western cultures.
e. only in cultures in which sexually transmitted diseases are epidemic.
Q:
Geneticists have been able to successfully identify:
a. a "gay" and a "straight" gene.
b. clusters of "gay" and "straight genes," but not the interactions of those genes.
c. the "gay" gene but not the "straight" gene.
d. The "straight" gene but not the "gay gene."
e. no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexuality.
Q:
In addition to humans, which other mammal engages in sexual activity for fun?
a. elephants
b. dolphins
c. cats
d. gorillas
e. dogs
Q:
Margaret Mead's work in the islands of the western Pacific contributed which of the following to a greater understanding of human sexuality?
a. This work provided evidence that men are naturally sexually promiscuous.
b. This work challenged the assumptions that sexual practices should be private rather than public.
c. This work provided evidence that women are naturally sexually promiscuous.
d. This work explored the commonalities between human sexual practices and the sexual practices of other primates.
e. This work challenged the assumptions that U.S. attitudes about sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature.
Q:
Sexuality involves:
a. both personal choices and cultural ideas.
b. personal choices only.
c. cultural ideas only.
d. biology and personal choices, but not cultural ideas.
e. biology and cultural ideas, but not personal choices.
Q:
Discuss ways that women's participation in the migratory process, including their role in "the global care chain," reflects both gender role stereotypes and economic inequalities in the twenty-first century.
Q:
Using three specific examples from the text, identify and analyze ways that women resist patriarchy or gender stratification in their societies. Specifically, how do women use spirit possession, trancing, or organizing for political action to express their displeasure with the systems under which they live? Provide the context for their actions in three different settings. Ultimately, does women's resistance to these structures result in change?
Q:
Evaluate the merits of the "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate. What are two of the specific cultural debates used to support the notion that there is a biological basis for the behaviors reported in this model? Provide two examples from the text that do not support the biological argument in favor of a gendered division of labor in foraging societies. Conclude by discussing the accuracy of the evolutionary model for understanding the idealized model of the sexual division of labor.
Q:
Explain how feminist research on gender stratification and gender roles has changed since Margaret Mead's pioneering research, paying particular attention to the approaches and findings of Sherri Ortner, Michelle Rosaldo, Eleanor Leacock, and Annette Weiner. What do we understand about how gender should be studied today?
Q:
Discuss how the anthropological understanding of the status of individuals of alternate genders in Native American cultures has changed. After defining the terms berdache and "Two-Spirits," explain how scholars' and activists' views of the status and roles of individuals in these alternate genders have changed.
Q:
Evaluate which of the five sexes in biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling's continuum represents the hijras of India. How do they perform their gender identity in daily life? What economic and social roles do they play in society? Why are they often victims of violence?
Q:
Explain how physicians' attitudes toward children born intersexed have changed in recent decades in parallel with changes in attitudes toward sexuality. Specifically, what has influenced the American Academy of Pediatrics to allow children to make their own choices once they reach an age where they are able to do so?
Q:
Analyze how idealized gender roles and attributes of both sexes are reflected in the sexual division of labor and jobs that adult men and women tend to pursue in the United States, and how this is tied to constructions of masculine and feminine gender norms and performance. Provide two examples for each gender.
Q:
The process of becoming "male" or "female" occurs during childhood and youth. Provide two specific examples of ways that parents start this process by "doing gender." Provide two specific examples of ways that participating in sports reflects personality traits (e.g., gentleness vs. competitiveness) commonly associated with women and men in the United States. Provide specific examples from the text of ways that the behaviors are reinforced. How is this tied to the constructions of masculinity inherent in the "fag discourse" in U.S. high schools? Why does it benefit girls to act masculine?
Q:
According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.
a. gardeners
b. teachers
c. nannies
d. waitresses
e. prostitutes
Q:
Studies on women's participation in the industrialized labor force indicate that:
a. social inequality decreased once women gained economic power.
b. women were unable to resist male dominance once engaged in the global economy.
c. household labor became more equitable once women began earning a salary.
d. exploitation of women decreased as women became the majority of managers.
e. patriarchal relations in the home were repeated in the workplace.
Q:
Through the Zar Cult of Sudan, women:
a. joined forces to protest violence against women and children.
b. claimed that spirits moved them when working in factories.
c. resisted subordination by speaking out while in a trance state.
d. gained political power by pursuing higher education and literacy.
e. took up arms to fight alongside men during a bloody civil war.
Q:
Rape of men and women was one of the most brutal and powerful ways that gender stratification was performed in:
a. the Zar Cult of Sudan.
b. Samoa of the 1920s.
c. factories on the U.S."Mexico border.
d. the civil war of El Salvador.
e. the Trobriand Islands.
Q:
During the El Salvador civil war (1977"1992), the group Co-Madres emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of:
a. political activists protesting the rape of women.
b. mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing.
c. teachers who demanded a peaceful resolution to the war.
d. nuns who worked for peace within the Catholic Church.
e. spiritualists who provided medical care to the injured on both sides of the conflict.
Q:
In the gender-based violence against nonheterosexuals, ________ are especially vulnerable.
a. lesbians
b. fags
c. transgenders
d. gay men
e. bisexuals
Q:
Victims of gender-based violence are most likely to be assaulted:
a. in the streets.
b. in parks.
c. in public.
d. in a residence.
e. at work.
Q:
Inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access to resources, coupled with poor health that impacts victims' lives in painful ways, are known as:
a. gender stratification.
b. structured gender violence.
c. interpersonal violence.
d. gender-based torture.
e. social injustice.
Q:
In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence.
a. women over the age of fifty
b. men and women between the ages of sixty and sixty-five
c. women between the ages of twenty and twenty-four
d. men over the age of seventy
e. women in their thirties
Q:
Gender-based violence commonly occurs:
a. in the home.
b. during wartime.
c. on college campuses.
d. both A and C
e. all of the above
Q:
More than 80 percent of victims of domestic violence in the United States:
a. are female.
b. are male.
c. are transgender.
d. are abused by a stranger.
e. deserved it.
Q:
Gender violence is widely expressed in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:a. stalking.b. verbal abuse.c. rape.d. male infanticide.e. dowry death.
Q:
Gender stereotypes are defined as:
a. culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.
b. the way gender identity is expressed through action.
c. the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural context.
d. the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
e. a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.
Q:
Gender ideology is defined as:
a. culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.
b. the way gender identity is expressed through action.
c. the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural contexts.
d. the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
e. a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.
Q:
Gender is defined as:
a. culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women.
b. the way gender identity is expressed through action.
c. the ways humans learn to behave and recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within cultural context.
d. the expectation of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
e. a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.
Q:
The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girls' thing" reflect gender:
a. stratification.
b. roles.
c. stereotypes.
d. performance.
e. construction.
Q:
The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:
a. women and men used to hunt together, but men did more of this as animals became more aggressive.
b. in foraging societies, men bring in more food through hunting than women do through gathering.
c. women are genetically programmed for agricultural production.
d. women typically hunt as children but stop once they become mothers.
e. during the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA.
Q:
Emily Martin's analysis of the "fairy tale" of the egg and the sperm as presented in U.S. textbooks does NOT indicate that:
a. the scientific language of biology promotes gendered stereotypes of male and female behavior.
b. "female" eggs aggressively pursue more "passive" male sperm until conception occurs.
c. cultural constructions are reinforced by imagery that highlights biological differences.
d. stereotypes of male and female behavior are portrayed as naturally occurring patterns.
e. the anthropomorphizing of egg and sperm coincides with issues in the antiabortion discourse.
Q:
An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:
a. stereotypes.
b. roles.
c. identity.
d. performance.
e. stratification.
Q:
The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:
a. women exchanged banana fiber skirts during funerary activities.
b. women participated in elaborate exchanges of shell armbands and necklaces.
c. women's exchanges were not tied to the yam exchanges Malinowski reported.
d. women played a limited role in rituals and ceremonial exchanges.
e. women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.
Q:
Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying:
a. the myth of matriarchy in prehistoric societies.
b. the underlying roots of universal male dominance.
c. gender equality in industrialized societies.
d. sources of female power in nonindustrialized cultures.
e. gender stratification in U.S. schools.
Q:
Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:
a. historical particularism.
b. structural functionalism.
c. cultural citizenship.
d. engaged anthropology.
e. Marxist anthropology.
Q:
Ida Susser's initial research focused on:
a. HIV/AIDS prevention in Brazil (South America).
b. the student movement at Kent State University (Ohio).
c. social change in Brooklyn (New York City).
d. the end of apartheid in South Africa.
e. child mortality in Appalachia (United States).
Q:
Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:
a. was reached in 2010.
b. is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.
c. has yet to be reached, but is no longer a priority because conditions have improved so much.
d. would be reached in the early months of 2012.
e. has actually skewed gender inequality the other way, and now it is men that must be empowered.
Q:
Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to:
a. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
b. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
c. achieve universal primary education.
d. develop a global partnership for development.
e. promote gender equality and empower women.
Q:
The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:
a. hijras.
b. macho.
c. Two-Spirits.
d. transgendered.
e. hermaphrodite.
Q:
________ individuals are those whose gender identities or performances do not fit with cultural norms related to their assigned sex at birth.
a. Hijra
b. Macho
c. Two-Spirit
d. Transgendered
e. Hermaphrodite
Q:
Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor women" in India are called:
a. machos.
b. hijras.
c. Two-Spirits.
d. transgendered.
e. hermaphrodite.
Q:
Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:
a. three sexes, including machos.
b. four sexes, including hijras.
c. six sexes, including Two-Spirits.
d. five sexes, including intersexuals.
e. seven sexes, including berdaches.
Q:
Through the 1960s, the American Academy of Pediatrics attempted to manage the condition of children born with genitalia of both sexes through:
a. hormone therapy only.
b. surgery only.
c. psychological counseling only.
d. hormone therapy, surgery, and counseling.
e. the condition has never been managed by the medical community.
Q:
The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:
a. either male or female.
b. male, female, or intersexual.
c. male, female, or transgender.
d. male, female, or middle sex.
e. heterosexual, homosexual, or intersexual.
Q:
Medical data indicate that ________ of individuals are born without the biological traits that make them easily classified biologically as male or female.
a. approximately 5 percent
b. more than 7 percent
c. less than 2 percent
d. approximately 10 percent
e. approximately 15 percent
Q:
The marketing of Viagra builds on the myth of:
a. the "real man," who is able to reach an erection and perform sexually.
b. the "good father," who spends quality time with his children.
c. the "good mother," who strives to be strong for her children.
d. the "fag discourse," where heterosexual men distance themselves from gay men.
e. "matriarchy," where women dominate society economically and politically.
Q:
Which of the following characteristics is commonly identified as female rather than male behavior in the United States?
a. aggressiveness
b. competitiveness
c. emotion
d. strength
e. drive
Q:
________ is gender identity displayed through action.
a. Stereotyping
b. Discourse
c. Construction
d. Performance
e. Transgendering
Q:
Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:
a. all men strive to be "macho."
b. no women want to be with "macho" men.
c. the traits of machismo are found only in the upper classes.
d. lesbians have begun adopting "macho" behavior.
e. masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.
Q:
The pattern of behavior including gambling, drinking, infidelity, and drug use that Matthew Gutmann studied in Mexico is associated with:
a. intersexuals.
b. transgenders.
c. machismo.
d. fatherhood.
e. lesbians.