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Q:
An individual's height is influenced by all the following EXCEPT:
a. prenatal stresses on the womb.
b. nutritional consumption during growth.
c. exposure to ultraviolet light.
d. immunization of childhood diseases.
e. genes.
Q:
Modern humans became successful at survival as a result of certain biological and societal factors, EXCEPT:
a. genetic diversity.
b. developmental adaption.
c. acclimatization.
d. cultural adaptation.
e. genetic adaption.
Q:
Modern Homo sapiens settled in the Pacific Islands approximately 40,000 years ago due to:
a. stress on food resources.
b. increased social organization.
c. uncontrolled population growth.
d. the lowering of sea levels due to a cooling climate.
e. being displaced by Neandertals.
Q:
A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a:
a. founding population.
b. phenotype.
c. species.
d. kinship group.
e. genetic drift.
Q:
Changes in the environment due to global warming will:
a. cause massive population growth in animal species.
b. stimulate less frequent extreme weather.
c. result in intense pressures on the human species.
d. dramatically increase rainfall and flooding.
e. cause the sea level to retreat.
Q:
If the replacement theory is correct, then:
a. archaic and modern humans should overlap in time in most locations.
b. individuals within a population would have certain characteristics that would enable them to survive.
c. there would be high genetic variation farther away from Africa.
d. there would be no genetic variation in human populations.
e. archaic and modern humans should not overlap in time in any locations.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a physiological adaptation?
a. tanning
b. sunscreen
c. reduction in jaw size
d. sweating
e. increased heart rate
Q:
Cultural adaptation to ultraviolet radiation is:
a. vitamin D fortified milk.
b. tanning.
c. dilation of pupils.
d. increased heart rate.
e. sweating.
Q:
Dark-skinned people are found in equatorial regions because:
a. dark skin protects against heat.
b. those populations are the oldest evolved groups.
c. dark skin is a genetic adaptation to ultraviolet radiation.
d. the skin contains excessive amounts of vitamin D.
e. dark skin confers resistance to malaria.
Q:
Which of the following absorbs ultraviolet radiation as a natural sunscreen?
a. melanocyctes
b. melanin
c. folic acid
d. vitamin D
e. vitamin C
Q:
Ultraviolet radiation can cause which of the following?
a. decreased production of vitamin D
b. destruction of folate
c. rickets
d. Klinefelter's syndrome
e. decreased production of vitamin C
Q:
Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:
a. developmental adaptations.
b. physiological adaptations.
c. genetic adaptations.
d. cultural adaptations.
e. acclimatization.
Q:
Acclimatization refers to:
a. temporary physiological changes in response to the environment.
b. genetic changes seen in a population.
c. permanent changes seen in the human body in response to the immediate environment.
d. the synthesis of vitamin D.
e. inability to adapt to the environment.
Q:
Which of the following describes an individual who would show developmental adaptation?
a. Someone who has spent their adult life in a high-altitude environment.
b. Someone who has temporarily moved to a high-altitude environment as an adult but returns to low alititude for a short time.
c. Someone who has grown up in a high-altitude environment.
d. Someone who was born in a low-altitude environment but whose parents grew up in a high altitude environment.
e. Someone who was raised at and spends their adult life at low altitude.
Q:
Although DNA prescribes genetic possibility, other environmental factors such as nutrition and disease can impact the human life cycle. This is called:
a. genetic adaptations.
b. developmental adaptations.
c. acclimatization.
d. cultural adaptations.
e. mutagens.
Q:
Genetic adaptation:
a. occurs at the population level.
b. is reversible during an individual's lifetime.
c. is cumulative.
d. only applies to changes in skin color in populations as they moved away from the equator.
e. occurs at the individual level.
Q:
Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:
a. Europe.
b. North and South America.
c. Australia.
d. Indonesia.
e. Madagascar.
Q:
The "Hobbit" of Flores Island, Indonesia, is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:
a. short stature.
b. primitive wrist bones.
c. tiny brain size.
d. powerful jaw with large molars.
e. microcephaly.
Q:
Modern Homo sapiens first entered Australia about:
a. 400,000 years ago.
b. 40,000 years ago.
c. 24,000 years ago.
d. 14,000 years ago.
e. 10,000 years ago.
Q:
What does the multiregional continuity thesis propose?
a. Modern Homo sapiens evolved directly from archaic Homo sapiens.
b. Modern Homo sapiens appeared first in Europe.
c. Modern Homo sapiens displaced archaic Homo sapiens.
d. Modern Homo sapiens wiped out archaic Homo sapiens in competition for resources.
e. Modern Homo sapiens gave rise to Neandertals, but Neandertals were unsuccessful in adapting.
Q:
According to the "out of Africa" theory, the disappearance of Neandertals resulted from:
a. modern Homo sapiens evolving first in Africa and migrating to other areas, eventually replacing Neandertals.
b. interbreeding with Homo erectus.
c. modern Homo sapiens directly evolving from Neandertals.
d. changes in the environment that decreased survivability.
e. modern Homo sapiens displacing Homo erectus in Africa, who in turn displaced Neandertals in Europe.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT associated with Neanderthal material culture?
a. elaborate toolmaking
b. first evidence of agriculture
c. burial of dead
d. speech
e. sophisticated hunting technique
Q:
The increasing role of culture, complex social structures, increased brain size, and complex mental activities most likely occurred in:
a. Australopithecus.
b. Homo hablis.
c. Homo erectus.
d. Homo sapiens.
e. Ardipithecus.
Q:
Acheulian stone tools are associated with:
a. Australopithecus.
b. Homo hablis.
c. Homo erectus.
d. Homo sapiens.
e. Neandertals.
Q:
Which of the following was a contemporary hominid with Australopithecus, but had a significantly larger brain?
a. Australopithecus afarensis
b. Homo hablis
c. Australopithecus africanus
d. Ardipithecus ramidus
e. Sahelanthropus
Q:
The evolution of bipedal locomotion has NOT been associated with what environment?
a. African savannah
b. African woodlands
c. lake edges in Africa
d. temperate forests of Europe
e. Asian rain forests
Q:
Which of the following lists our human ancestors in chronological order, from oldest to youngest?
a. Australopithecus afarensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Homo erectus, Homo hablis, Homo sapiens
b. Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo hablis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
c. Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo hablis, Australopithecus afarensis, Ardipithecus ramidus
d. Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, Homo hablis, Homo sapiens
e. Australopithecus afarensis, Homo hablis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Homo sapiens, Homo erectus
Q:
When a small part of a population with a unique phenotypical characteristic migrates to a new location and begins to reproduce separately as a new, distinct group, the process is called:
a. gene flow.
b. founder effect.
c. genetic mutation.
d. gene migration.
e. natural selection.
Q:
The site at Middle Awash River Valley, Ethiopia, has yielded fossil discoveries of:
a. both archaic and modern human ancestors.
b. Neandertals.
c. a primitive species dubbed the "Hobbit."
d. the skeletal remains of the Turkana Boy.
e. Sahelanthropus.
Q:
Gene migration is defined as:
a. production of new genes.
b. random loss of genes in a population.
c. differential reproduction success.
d. exchange of genes between populations.
e. increase of genetic diversity among groups.
Q:
Genetic drift:
a. is a nonrandom change in the gene pool.
b. has greatest effect in a large population.
c. includes founder effect.
d. is an accumulation of mutations.
e. is not a mechanism of evolution.
Q:
The sickle-cell gene is found in high frequency in certain African countries mainly along the equator because:
a. the mutation increases the body's ability to regulate heat.
b. the gene can give protection against rickets.
c. it is in response to natural selection.
d. it provides protection against the harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation.
e. the mutation increases the body's ability to carry oxygen.
Q:
In the example of the peppered moths, the moths evolved in a darker coloration because:
a. the pollutants covered the moths and made them appear darker.
b. the moths were able to turn black and pass the color to their offspring.
c. a mutation for a darker color took place.
d. the moths that were already darker were selected for.
e. they became nocturnal.
Q:
What increases the frequency of mutations that are usually the result of environmental agents?
a. Klinefelter's syndrome
b. natural selection
c. mutagens
d. hereditary factors
e. radiocarbon
Q:
Mutations are:
a. always harmful.
b. always more beneficial than previous forms of the standard DNA code.
c. a source of new genetic variation.
d. produced only when there is an environmental toxin.
e. the mechanism of intelligent design.
Q:
The idea that life is too complex to be random and proposes an evidence-based rather than religious-based argument is called:
a. natural selection.
b. founder effect.
c. intelligent design.
d. religious interpretations.
e. the "blueprint of life."
Q:
The popular belief among many evangelical Protestant Christians that argues God created the Earth between 6,000 and 10,000 years ago is called:
a. natural selection.
b. creationism.
c. evolution.
d. "out of Africa" theory.
e. Deep Time.
Q:
The best, most succinct definition of evolution is:
a. a change in physical appearance over time.
b. the change in human populations in one generation.
c. any type of genetic mutation.
d. that biological adaptations in organisms occur in response to changes in the environment and develop over generations.
e. the changes that occur in an organism when it is exposed to a mutagen.
Q:
Calculations of DNA mutation rates indicate that Native Americans were derived from northeast Asians who migrated to the Americas about:
a. 15,000 years ago.
b. 30,000 years ago.
c. 100,000 years ago.
d. 150,000 years ago.
e. 200,000 years ago.
Q:
DNA studies place the migration of humans out of Africa at about:
a. 3 million years ago.
b. 1 million years ago.
c. 250,000 years ago.
d. 100,000 years ago.
e. 50,000 years ago.
Q:
Genetic studies of mtDNA indicate that:
a. all living modern humans have a matrilineal ancestor who lived in Africa 170,000 years ago.
b. there is less genetic variation in African populations.
c. it is the only source of new genetic material.
d. Native Americans had a high incidence of disease.
e. there is more genetic variation farther from Africa.
Q:
The genetic code is carried by:
a. RNA.
b. proteins.
c. DNA.
d. mutagens.
e. variation.
Q:
The radiopotassium dating technique is applied to:
a. fossilized bone.
b. stone of volcanic origin.
c. organic remains.
d. bones and teeth.
e. limestone.
Q:
Radiocarbon dating can be applied to:
a. stone tools.
b. stone of volcanic origin.
c. organic remains.
d. only dates earlier than 70,000 BP.
e. only dates later than 25,000 BP.
Q:
Any dating technique that gives a specific date for a fossil is called:
a. absolute.
b. stratigraphic.
c. relative.
d. radiometric.
e. ecometric.
Q:
A dating technique that indicates the age of a fossil in comparison to nearby plants, animals, or cultural artifacts is called:
a. absolute.
b. stratigraphic.
c. relative.
d. radiometric.
e. ecometric.
Q:
Which of the following is a technique of relative dating?
a. stratigraphy
b. radiocarbon
c. potassium/argon
d. radiopotassium
e. uranium/lead
Q:
Scientists who study fossil remains of our early human ancestors are called:
a. paleogeneticists.
b. odontologists.
c. paleoanthropologists.
d. creationists.
e. archaeologists.
Q:
Where have the fossils of our earliest human ancestors been found?
a. Africa
b. Europe
c. North America
d. Australia
e. Asia
Q:
In order for an organism to become a fossil, it must be:
a. buried in limestone caves.
b. totally skeletonized by scavengers.
c. buried in oxygen-free sediment.
d. exposed to erosion.
e. buried in a wet, oxygen-rich environment.
Q:
The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:
a. sedimentation.
b. fossilization.
c. decomposition.
d. stratigraphy.
e. carbonization.
Q:
What is the term for the natural history of Earth and the universe, including the span of human existence?
a. evolution
b. multiregional replacement thesis
c. natural selection
d. Deep Time
e. creation
Q:
According to your textbook, preserving endangered languages is an important goal of linguistic anthropologists. Discuss the potentially ambiguous role that information technology and the digital divide may play in language preservation. Using examples from the text, assess the potential benefits that may accrue as members of less-prominent languages gain access to community technology and cross over the "digital divide." Consider how the tendency of prominent languages to crowd out speakers of lesser-spoken languages may be accelerated with increased cultural contact and exposure to global languages. How is the digital divide related to issues of language extinction?
Q:
What do linguistic anthropologists think about how women and men use language in different ways? What are the two models that explain why language is used in gendered ways, and what are examples that illustrate their hypotheses? Which one of these two models is more compelling to you, and why?
Q:
According to the textbook, the development of social media technologies such as Facebook and YouTube and ubiquitous access to information networks through smartphones have transformed digital activism. Discuss how digital activism has taken place in recent years by comparing democratic protests that have taken place in China to the events of the Arab Spring or the Occupy movement in the United States. How have activists challenged authorities in government and corporations by using novel methods?
Q:
What was the emphasis of William Labov's study of the pronunciation of the letter "r" in New York City? How did the pronunciation vary over time and in different parts of the city? How did Labov's research relate to the idea of how different ways of speaking can be associated with prestige?
Q:
Linguistic anthropologists have shown that languages are disappearing at an unprecedented rate. Many argue that efforts should be made to preserve these endangered languages by documenting their lexicon and grammar. Why are anthropologists interested in preserving languages? Do you agree with these efforts? Why or why not? Which types of knowledge are embedded in language that might make them worthwhile to preserve? What are some of the techniques or strategies that have been used to either preserve or revitalize less-prominent languages? Discuss two examples where anthropologists have been involved in preserving endangered languages, and reflect on how information technology may be used in language revitalization.
Q:
According to your textbook, a particular language variation is associated with wealth, success, education, and power. These language variations with elevated status are known as prestige languages. Using the concepts of cultural capital and prestige language, discuss two examples of how nonstandard variations of languages can be linked to particular positions with a culture. How are linguistic standards established or reinforced? Explain why it has been said that a dialect is a language without a navy or an army.
Q:
While anthropologists have gone to lengths to show that languages are linguistically equal, languages often exist in a hierarchical manner within a given place. Compare how language and power intersect by discussing how nonprestige languages may be marginalized, such as in the case of Spanish speakers in the United States. How are boundaries between language policed, and what happens when speakers "code switch" in different cultural contexts? What did Jane Hill discover when she investigated how white Americans speak words in Mock Spanish?
Q:
What can linguistic anthropologists learn from studying the focal vocabulary of a social group? Why would words that show a particular sophistication and that describe unique cultural realities of a group of people be useful to investigate? Discuss one example of how the focal vocabulary of a language has changed or may change in the future, and discuss how men and women may have different vocabularies on particular topics.
Q:
Consider the following passage where David Harrison discusses the power of metaphor among people who speak the Tuvan language: "If you are hopelessly in love with someone in Tuvan, you say "My liver aches." Because to them, the liver is the seat of emotion. Now we know that's not true of course. The brain is the seat of emotion, but that doesn"t stop us from using the heart [as] the seat of emotion in American culture." If Harrison's research has to do with how language shapes how people view their reality, explain how his findings relate to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Offer examples of how the way people think may or may not be affected by their native language.
Q:
While analyzing what is spoken and written is very important for linguistic anthropologists, the way that people convey messages through gestures, facial expressions, and postures is equally crucial in understanding human communication. Discuss how anthropologists can decipher the meaning of communication through examining paralanguage and what is indicated through body language. Illustrate how body language is not universal but rather depends on cultural context, and use examples to show how emotional information is communicated.
Q:
What types of evidence have anthropologists drawn on to approximate when humans first began to use language? Using examples, analyze how genetic and archaeological information have been used to determine when the human capacity for speech evolved. How did language enhance the ability of humans to survive and adapt to inhospitable environments?
Q:
Because few children grow up learning to speak the Lakota language, efforts have been made to preserve language samples and artifacts in tribal areas. These efforts include:
a. a participatory social media platform built by LiveandTell.
b. replacing Standard English with the Lakota language in local schools.
c. translation of the Christian Bible into the Lakota language by the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
d. expanding tribal areas to include more speakers.
e. legislation making the Lakota language the official language in tribal areas.
Q:
Anthropology professor Michael Wesch:
a. has taken advantage of the technology skills of "digital immigrants" to write texts, e-mails, and blogs about their educational experiences.
b. has taken advantage of the technology skills of "digital natives" to write texts, e-mails, and blogs about their educational experiences.
c. confiscates students' cell phones before class so they can experience the digital divide.
d. made news by advocating that Kansas State University ban digital devices across the entire campus.
e. has found that educational institutions have adapted quickly and easily to teaching in the digital age.
Q:
Worldwide, the most spoken language is:
a. Hindi.
b. Chinese.
c. Spanish.
d. English.
e. Arabic.
Q:
The Summer Institute of Linguistics:
a. is a secular institution with the mission of preserving indigenous religious practices.
b. sends missionaries into the field to create written versions of indigenous languages with the goal of disseminating the Christen Bible in those languages.
c. has attempted to wipe out indigenous languages and replace them with English.
d. promotes tourism to remote areas by establishing programs that teach local languages to wealthy hobbyists.
e. has attempted to create written records of less widely spoken languages by transcribing ritual language and songs connected to indigenous religion.
Q:
In 1996, the Oakland School District proposed:
a. supporting Mock Spanish speakers as if they were learning Standard English as a second language in school.
b. supporting Black English, or Ebonics, speakers as if they were learning Standard English as a second language in school.
c. teaching Ebonics as a second language alongside Spanish and French.
d. replacing the teaching of Standard English with teaching of Ebonics.
e. creating a bilingual curriculum in which Spanish and English would be mixed freely.
Q:
Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that the languages spoken in Europe such as Latin, English, German, and Greek are derived from an earlier language they call:
a. Proto-Indo-European.
b. Pre-Modern European.
c. Pan Archaic European.
d. Proto-Germanic.
e. Proto-Latin.
Q:
Noam Chomsky's research proposes that:
a. all humans share a similar ability to learn language based on the way that our brains are hardwired.
b. human brains are genetically hardwired to learn specific languages.
c. different languages create different ways of thinking.
d. a language's grammar is derived from the culture in which it develops.
e. humans' ability to learn language varies widely from culture to culture.
Q:
American women are far more likely than men to distinguish between colors like teal and turquoise, or magenta and purple. This is an example of:
a. a biological difference between men and women.
b. a focal vocabulary that exists within American culture.
c. a paralanguage that differentiates female culture from the dominant male culture.
d. descriptive linguistics.
e. linguistic productivity and displacement.
Q:
Which of the following statements about language is true?
a. Language can be spoken, written, or conveyed through body movements or gestures.
b. Language includes speech and writing only.
c. Humans are genetically predisposed to learn specific languages.
d. Language is widespread throughout the animal kingdom.
e. All languages share a common syntax, and vary only in the morphemes used to form words.
Q:
________ is the linguistic ability to refer to events or objects not present or to events that are happening in the future or past.
a. Displacement
b. Productivity
c. Phonology
d. Kinesics
e. Syntax
Q:
The fact that 85 percent, or 5.5 billion people, lack meaningful access to a digital communication network reflects:
a. increasing attempts by computer hackers to shut down global media.
b. the efforts of European nations to prevent citizens in the global South from participation.
c. the minimal investment in technological infrastructure made by the Chinese government.
d. the inability to translate software into languages other than English.
e. the tendency of globalization to increase the effects of uneven development.
Q:
As new speech communities have been formed through the digital activism of the Arab Spring, a new ________ that includes events, names, and ideas pertaining to social protest has also emerged.
a. mock language
b. prestige language
c. lexicon
d. set of phonemes
e. syntax
Q:
The digital age is:
a. the gap between those fully able to participate in the digital age and those without access to electricity, the Internet, and mobile phones.
b. social struggles for worker rights and democracy that are aided by social media, mobile phones, and electronic communication.
c. those born after the 1980s; this generation has spent their lives using devices like smartphones and laptops.
d. the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing.
e. the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.
Q:
Digital activism is:
a. the gap between those fully able to participate in the digital age and those without access to electricity, the Internet, and mobile phones.
b. social struggles for worker rights and democracy that are aided by social media, mobile phones, and electronic communication.
c. those born after the 1980s; this generation has spent their lives using devices like smartphones and laptops.
d. the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing.
e. the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.
Q:
The digital divide is:
a. the gap between those fully able to participate in the digital age and those without access to electricity, the Internet, and mobile phones.
b. social struggles for worker rights and democracy that are aided by social media, mobile phones, and electronic communication.
c. those born after the 1980s; this generation has spent their lives using devices like smartphones and laptops.
d. the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing.
e. the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.
Q:
Digital immigrants are:
a. the gap between those fully able to participate in the digital age and those without access to electricity, the Internet, and mobile phones.
b. social struggles for worker rights and democracy that are aided by social media, mobile phones, and electronic communication.
c. born after the 1980s; this generation has spent their lives using devices like smartphones and laptops.
d. the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing.
e. the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.
Q:
Digital natives are:
a. the gap between those fully able to participate in the digital age and those without access to electricity, the Internet, and mobile phones.
b. social struggles for worker rights and democracy that are aided by social media, mobile phones, and electronic communication.
c. born after the 1980s; this generation has spent their lives using devices like smartphones and laptops.
d. the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing.
e. the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.