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Sociology
Q:
Compared to digital ________, people born before 1970 have more trouble navigating websites, wikis, blogs, and text messages.
a. natives
b. entrepreneurs
c. linguists
d. preservationists
e. translators
Q:
According to the textbook, the ________ government has struggled to monitor and censor highly decentralized information that publicizes worker strikes, oppressive working conditions, and local government corruption.
a. Australian
b. Chinese
c. Canadian
d. French
e. Swedish
Q:
Based on what linguistic anthropologist David Harrison found in Asia, which of the following statements best describes how language shapes the idea of time in Tuva?
a. Tuvans are digital natives.
b. Words for time were not part of the focal vocabulary in Tuva.
c. Words for time and space are no longer known among people in Tuva.
d. While the future is seen as behind them, the past is seen as in front.
e. Like Americans, Tuvans see the future as in front of them and the past behind.
Q:
Which of the following statements is correct about the worldwide language diversity?
a. The 3,500 least widely used languages are spoken by one-third of the world's population.
b. English is spoken by nearly 90 percent of the world's population.
c. Ten of the most prominent languages are spoken by half of the world's population.
d. Colonialism spread languages like Hindi, Korean, and Urdu across the globe.
e. Global media like radio and television are diminishing the influence of prominent European languages.
Q:
Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with efforts to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 50,000 people in the United States?
a. preserving language sample and cultural knowledge
b. creating visual dictionaries of images tagged with Lakota terms
c. comparing the Lakota language to Turkic languages in central Asia
d. uploading school projects to community websites
e. using participatory social media technology like YouTube and Flickr
Q:
Some linguistic anthropologists find the work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics controversial because:
a. they only work in Africa.
b. their Christian perspective may ignore some aspects of local culture, such as song and art.
c. they are using information technology.
d. they promote the use of prestige language.
e. they refuse to publish which languages they are trying to preserve.
Q:
According to the textbook, human languages are:
a. not in danger of extinction.
b. being lost at a rate of three per day.
c. being created at a rate faster than they are being lost.
d. being lost at a rate of one every ten days.
e. are only being lost outside of the United States.
Q:
Dialect is defined as:
a. a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.
b. the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.
c. alternating back and forth between more than one linguistic variant depending on the context.
d. the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places.
e. the study of the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age.
Q:
Historical linguistics is defined as:
a. a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.
b. the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.
c. alternating back and forth between more than one linguistic variant depending on the context.
d. the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places.
e. the study of the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age.
Q:
Sociolinguistics is defined as:
a. a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.
b. the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.
c. alternating back and forth between more than one linguistic variant depending on the context.
d. the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places.
e. the study of the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age.
Q:
Code switching is defined as:
a. a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.
b. the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.
c. alternating back and forth between more than one linguistic variant depending on the context.
d. the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places.
e. the study of the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age.
Q:
Language continuum is defined as:
a. a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.
b. the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.
c. alternating back and forth between more than one linguistic variant depending on the context.
d. the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places.
e. the study of the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age.
Q:
One of the consequences of the "Ebonics" controversy around Black English in Oakland, California, was:
a. research by anthropologists showing that Black English lacks clear rules or patterns.
b. a new federal policy that prohibited the teaching of nonstandard English.
c. the replacement of Standard English with Black English in the school district.
d. a permanent move toward certifying teachers as proficient in Black English.
e. resistance to recognizing the challenges Black English speakers have in education settings.
Q:
In his study of store clerks in New York City, William Labov discovered that increased pronunciation of the letter "r" in words like car, floor, and fourth:
a. shows that the English language has more than twenty known dialects.
b. depended on how adept employees were at code switching.
c. was related to the prestige of the store and higher prices.
d. was closely tied to how these words were pronounced in Boston.
e. had no relationship to the prestige of the store.
Q:
When individuals speak in a manner that does not conform to what is known as "Standard English," according to the author, they are:
a. speaking a dialect of English that is linguistically flawed.
b. usually seen as speaking a prestige language.
c. unaffected by their nonstandard speech.
d. often considered to be uneducated or low class.
e. thought to be creative and poetic.
Q:
A nonstandard variation of a language is referred to as a:
a. prestige language.
b. type of displacement.
c. speech community.
d. morpheme.
e. dialect.
Q:
The concept of cultural ________ includes linguistic assets or skills that can be converted into wages and benefits.
a. materialism
b. hegemony
c. capital
d. resonance
e. relativism
Q:
The author suggests each of the following points to explain how men tend to dominate in mixed-gender conversations, EXCEPT:
a. men tend to use commands and criticisms, and are more likely to interrupt and to express doubts.
b. male communication patterns are unrelated to social stratification in the culture at large.
c. men speak more in public forums like board meetings, classrooms, and seminars.
d. women are more likely than men to apologize, agree, and ask.
e. men tend to dominate the conversation by the amount of talking they do.
Q:
Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak demonstrates that:
a. they essentially grow up in different linguistic worlds.
b. differences are primarily based on biology, not processes of socialization.
c. they have nearly identical communication strategies.
d. while boys hang out in small groups, girls tend to interact in larger groups.
e. the best way to understand gender and language is through the "dominance" model.
Q:
According to the textbook, which of the following statements about the "N-word" is false?
a. It has been used as a derogatory word throughout much of U.S. history.
b. In 1962, the U.S. government started using the word "Negro."
c. It has been revived among African American youth involved in hip-hop music.
d. Most older African Americans advocate the use of the "N-word."
e. Many young people carefully say "niggah," taking an edge off the meaning of the word.
Q:
Anthropologists who emphasize how culture, society, and a person's social position are what shapes language are best described as engaged in the study of:
a. cultural preservation.
b. sociolinguistics.
c. psychological anthropology.
d. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
e. social Darwinism.
Q:
According to Keith Basso, the Apache tradition of "being shot by an arrow" during a conversation refers to:
a. instances that suggest violent incidents in the past.
b. the process used to prepare corn for planting.
c. how elders show neighboring groups where sacred sites are located.
d. altercations that take place between Apaches and outsiders.
e. the telling of stories, usually by elders, with themes intended to make a point.
Q:
To investigate the focal vocabulary of a language in a particular community, a linguistic anthropologist might:
a. search for genetic evidence for the origin of syntax and grammar.
b. try to discover words that offer sophisticated ways to describe local cultural realities.
c. set up experiments that show how men and women use language differently.
d. focus on the dialects that are present within the group.
e. identify local customs that determine the meaning of body movements and gestures.
Q:
Anthropologist Laura Bohannan discovered in her attempt to translate a classic text from English literature that:
a. an underlying universal grammar that all humans share facilitated her work.
b. the landscape of the Nigerian village shaped the folklore of the inhabitants.
c. accurate translation of Shakespeare is best accomplished through sign language.
d. the meaning of the story became lost as the original meanings of the English words could not be easily translated.
e. it is straightforward to translate stories across different languages.
Q:
Linguistic anthropologists would label new words that have emerged during the digital age, such as mouse, modem, download, and email, as part of our generation's ________ vocabulary.
a. cultural
b. ancestral
c. emotional
d. tonal
e. focal
Q:
In part because the Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English, Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research suggested that the Hopi people of Arizona have:
a. a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.
b. been able to retain their cultural traditions.
c. three seasons of the year instead of four.
d. no word for the color red.
e. paralanguage that indicates the future.
Q:
In Keith Basso's research with the Western Apache of Arizona, places in the landscape were:
a. organized into digital archives.
b. connected to local stories and cultural values.
c. embedded into texts that had been carefully translated into English.
d. difficult to find given the desert terrain.
e. separate from the local folklore.
Q:
The ________ of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a catalogue of what is spoken, and can be compiled into a dictionary.
a. dialect
b. grammar
c. lexicon
d. pidgin
e. paralanguage
Q:
Based on evidence from Benjamin Whorf's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
a. the human brain is hardwired for organizing language in a universal manner.
b. languages of the Hopi are most similar to indigenous people in the Amazon River basin.
c. language occurs independently of thought.
d. thought occurs independently of language.
e. thought is rooted in language.
Q:
The system of human communication based on a set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings is called:
a. grammar.
b. linguistic determinism.
c. productivity.
d. language.
e. speech community.
Q:
Anthropologists refer to sounds that make a critical difference in meaning within a language as:
a. focal vocabulary.
b. key elements.
c. structures.
d. grammar/syntax.
e. phonemes.
Q:
Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that more than 90 percent of ________ information is communicated through body movements and paralanguage.
a. digital
b. creative
c. emotional
d. gendered
e. spatial
Q:
Which of the following terms best describes the study of how gestures, postures, and facial expressions convey messages without words?
a. discourse analysis
b. morphology
c. kinesics
d. prestige language
e. historical linguistics
Q:
Archaeological evidence that offers clues to the origins of human language includes:
a. the fossilized brain casts of Neandertals that show the anatomical features for speech.
b. the existence of the FOXP2 gene, which is also found in chimpanzees.
c. the invention of the European printing press in the fifteenth century.
d. the discovery that the classic stories of English literature could be translated.
e. rules for paralanguage discovered in Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Q:
According to the text, studying the patterns and importance of sounds as spoken by a group of people helps linguistic anthropologists:
a. establish local kinship patterns.
b. identify how emotions are conveyed through nonverbal communication.
c. locate the eldest members of a community.
d. understand the elements and rules of a particular language.
e. determine how long a specific language has existed.
Q:
Whereas many animals, such as dolphins and great apes, communicate with each other through gestures and sounds, only human language utilizes complex systems of:
a. dance.
b. symbols.
c. warnings and alerts.
d. chemical information.
e. sign language.
Q:
Discuss Horace Miner's ethnography "Body Rituals among the Nacirema." What is the content of the ethnography? What was Miner's purpose in writing it, and how did he approach that purpose?
Q:
Define zeros and explain their significance for ethnographers.
Q:
Define three fieldwork strategies anthropologists use to research their ethnographies, and describe the context in which each is used.
Q:
Explain how ethnographers can explore global phenomena by conducting fieldwork at the local level.
Q:
Compare Nancy Scheper-Hughes' early ethnographic fieldwork in Alto do Cruzeiro with her current research and work with Organs Watch. How has globalization affected her fieldwork?
Q:
Explain why ethnography is considered both a science and an art.
Q:
Evaluate the El Dorado controversy around anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon. You must demonstrate that you know when and where the contested activities occurred, and how the population was allegedly affected. Conclude by stating why this would have violated ethical standards, and what the American Anthropological Association ultimately found upon review of the evidence presented.
Q:
Evaluate the merits of the long-term participant observation advocated by Bronislaw Malinowski relative to merits of the methods of "armchair" anthropology.
Q:
The author argues that unlike a number of other academic disciplines, ethnography is both a social science and an art. Provide at least two concrete examples of how ethnography is scientific, and two concrete examples of why Guest considers it a science.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a reason for ethnographers to conduct long-term fieldwork?
a. learn about everyday life and practices
b. establish rapport with community members
c. gain a perspective on complex systems of power and meaning
d. reinforce ethnocentric attitudes about cultural superiority
e. understand connections between local and global processes
Q:
Anthropologists make great efforts to protect informants' anonymity:
a. in publications, although it is acceptable to use subjects' real names in research notes.
b. for communities, but not when discussing lives of community members.
c. when working in their own societies, but this is not necessary if working abroad.
d. when referring to individuals in research notes and publications.
e. when writing about sensitive topics within a community.
Q:
It is essential that ethnographers map communities because this:
a. allows the anthropologist to identify key informants.
b. documents the randomness of the built environment.
c. provides a deep immersion in the rhythms of daily life.
d. illuminates how use of space influences social interactions.
e. facilitates learning the local language.
Q:
How did early twentieth-century anthropology differ from the anthropology practiced in the nineteenth century Europe?
a. Twentieth-century anthropologists' research focused on kinship and religion, whereas nineteenth-century anthropologists were more interested in economics and politics.
b. Whereas twentieth-century anthropologists took a four-field approach to understanding culture, nineteenth-century were mostly interested in material culture.
c. Nineteenth-century anthropologists were mostly interested in present-day cultures as they existed, but twentieth-century anthropologists were interested in the processes by which cultures changed.
d. Nineteenth-century anthropologists conducted long-term fieldwork, but twentieth-century anthropologists tended to rely on explorers' accounts.
e. Although twentieth-century anthropologists did fieldwork in Africa and the Pacific, anthropologists in the nineteenth century primarily explored ancient cultures of the Mediterranean region.
Q:
In giving her perspectives on the process of doing fieldwork in a Brazilian shantytown, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' account of Alto do Cruzeiro is an example of:
a. polyvocality.
b. reflexive ethnography.
c. informed anthropology.
d. authoritative writing.
e. processual anthropology.
Q:
In his study of everyday "Body Rituals among the Nacirema," Horace Miner:
a. argues that the Nacirema view the body as healthy and beautiful.
b. identifies courts as the most important institution in society.
c. focuses on public rituals rather than everyday, mundane activities.
d. makes the familiar seem very strange.
e. relies exclusively on statistical data.
Q:
In Horace Miner's interpretations of Nacirema culture, ________ are important ritual specialists.
a. kings and queens
b. teachers
c. physicians and dentists
d. actors
e. lawyers
Q:
In an age of intensifying globalization, ________ remains a critical research strategy that provides a deep insight and understanding of the myriad parts of our informants' everyday lives and cultures.
a. conducting surveys
b. drawing maps
c. participant observation
d. recording field notes
e. videotaping rituals
Q:
Folklorists and anthropologists interpret the phenomenon where people across the globe repeat variations of bizarre and unlikely stories as ________ that reflect informants' concerns about their own vulnerability in a globalizing society.
a. cultural shocks
b. mass hysteria
c. urban legends
d. multi-sited ethnographies
e. quantitative data
Q:
One consequence of increased migration is that anthropologists conduct ________ ethnography, collecting data in two or more locations.
a. reflexive
b. extensive
c. public
d. multi-sited
e. narrative
Q:
The research conducted by anthropologist ________ regarding the production and exchange of sugar was an important study of the impacts of colonialism and globalization at the local level.
a. Margaret Mead
b. Barbara Myerhof
c. Sidney Mintz
d. Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard
e. Bronislaw Malinowski
Q:
Because she has been a community activist and advocate for her research subjects, and founded Organs Watch as a watchdog organization, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research could be considered a form of ________ ethnography.
a. experimental
b. public
c. mutual
d. organizational
e. informed
Q:
Rumors such as those about organ thefts are of interest to anthropologists and folklorists because they:a. often reflect underlying concerns about everyday life that go unspoken in everyday conversation.b. serve as warnings of the potential dangers of conducting fieldwork in an area.c. are very localized, demonstrating a resistance to globalization.d. make it very difficult for ethnographers to gain informed consent.e. are entertaining to listen to and retell.
Q:
The trafficking of human organs discussed in the text provides a disturbing example of the impacts of:
a. colonialism.
b. imperialism.
c. participation.
d. globalization.
e. fieldwork.
Q:
Expansion of ________ networks in the late twentieth century has allowed anthropologists to continue research even after leaving the field.
a. transportation
b. kinship
c. economic
d. political
e. communications
Q:
________ provides protection to people who may be vulnerable if they share intimate details of their lives with ethnographers.
a. Polyvocality
b. Rapport
c. Narrative
d. Anonymity
e. Ethnology
Q:
The American Anthropological Association mandate of "Do No Harm" is founded in:
a. ethical principles.
b. unilineal evolution.
c. colonial policies.
d. intensified globalization.
e. mutual transformation.
Q:
According to Guest, the discipline of anthropology has been criticized for sharing research on ________ with occupying governments or militaries.
a. impoverished communities
b. economic systems
c. prison systems
d. local communities
e. industrialization
Q:
Ethnography written for government agencies and nongovernmental organizations that addresses problems in the community is known as ________ anthropology.a. unethicalb. reflexivec. authoritatived. experimentale. public
Q:
Ways of establishing an ethnographer's ________ include discussing length of fieldwork, language skills, and the nature of his or her relationships with research subjects.
a. reflections
b. loyalties
c. framework
d. authority
e. orientation
Q:
An important change in the way that ethnography is written in the twenty-first century is that there is less emphasis on presenting native voices.
a. true
b. false
Q:
The discussion in the text of Margery Wolf's publication "A Thrice Told Tale" states that this innovative ethnographic approach includes a fictionalized account, a published article, and:
a. census data.
b. maps.
c. field notes.
d. photographs.
e. plans.
Q:
In an effort to make their ethnographies more collaborative and participatory, anthropologists often incorporative natives' perspectives in a practice known as:a. polyvocality.b. reflexivity.c. transparency.d. rapport.e. relativity.
Q:
Ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process is known as:
a. polyvocality.
b. reflexivity.
c. confidentiality.
d. authority.
e. relativity.
Q:
The process of ________ utilizes the wealth of anthropological studies to compare the activities, trends, and patterns of power across cultures.
a. transformation
b. enculturation
c. cultural relativity
d. globalization
e. ethnology
Q:
Franz Boas' fieldwork toolkit was likely to have included all of the following items EXCEPT a:
a. pen.
b. notebook.
c. camera.
d. dictionary.
e. computer.
Q:
The trust and friendship that ethnographers establish with research subjects are known as:
a. reflexivity.
b. power.
c. authority.
d. rapport.
e. values.
Q:
Community members who guide, advise, and teach the ethnographer during fieldwork are called:
a. cultural collaborators.
b. research stakeholders.
c. key informants.
d. primary subjects.
e. research aides.
Q:
Which of the following ethnographic methods is used to collect data on spatial relationships?
a. surveys
b. mapping
c. social network analysis
d. interviews
e. life histories
Q:
During the planning stages of a fieldwork project, it is typical to:
a. identify key informants.
b. establish rapport.
c. chart kinship networks.
d. conduct a literature review.
e. map the research community.
Q:
________ are commonly used as a strategy to collect quantitative data.
a. Interviews
b. Surveys
c. Life histories
d. Conversations
e. Social networks
Q:
What was Nancy Scheper-Hughes' initial role in Alto do Cruzeiro?
a. ethnographer
b. physician
c. nurse
d. teacher
e. Peace Corp volunteer
Q:
Fieldwork is considered a ________ for students because it creates a common bond among professionals in the field.
a. bond of collegiality
b. mutual transformation
c. developmental stage
d. rite of passage
e. evolutionary step
Q:
Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard:
a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.
b. researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.
c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.
d. examined sexuality in Samoa.
e. became an expert on Native Americans.
Q:
Sidney Mintz:
a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.
b. researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.
c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.
d. examined sexuality in Samoa.
e. became an expert on Native Americans.