Q&A Hero

Q: The act of conferring citizenship on a person after birth is called ________. a. naturalization b. transnationalization c. neocolonialization d. nativism

Q: Which of the following agencies notifies major companies that it will soon audit its employment records looking for illegal immigrants? a. the Department of Homeland Security b. the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network c. the Citizenship and Immigration Services d. the Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Q: Despite the poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants in the United States, they continue to migrate because ________. a. they are unable to pursue higher education in their home countries b. they are unable to find wage labor in their home countries c. they think they can make a significant contribution to the economy of the United States. d. they know the border enforcement is nonexistent in the United States

Q: According to which of the following perspectives, employers, by paying low wages to illegal immigrants, are able to produce goods and services that are profitable for industry and affordable to consumers? a. conflict b. interactionist c. suffragist d. functionalist

Q: The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 ________. a. halted the audit of large employers of immigrants b. prohibited hiring illegal aliens c. permitted movement of illegal immigrants into the U.S. d. relaxed scrutiny of illegal immigrants seeking benefits

Q: Which of the following acts made it possible to grant amnesty to 2.7 million illegal immigrants who could document that they had established long-term residency in the United States? a. Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986 b. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 c. Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, 1996 d. Immigration and Nationality Act, 1965

Q: Define and differentiate among glass ceilings, glass walls, and glass escalators.

Q: What is reverse discrimination? Does the latest data support that White men experience discrimination on the basis of race?

Q: What was affirmative action as a social program intended to accomplish? Has it been successful?

Q: What is meant by the term environmental justice? Provide examples to explain environmental discrimination.

Q: Discuss how the Civil Rights Act of 1964 attempted to eradicate discrimination.

Q: How does institutional discrimination differ from individual discrimination? Provide three examples of institutional discrimination.

Q: What is a hate crime? Why do hate crimes carry harsher penalties?

Q: Explain the difference between absolute and relative deprivation as applied to the experiences of minority groups in America.

Q: Which of the following best describes the term glass wall? a. the obstacles faced by people who enter the fields of law and medicine b. the obstacles faced by majority groups, especially White men as a result of affirmative action c. the barriers to horizontal movement faced by minority groups that may help in job advancement d. the discrimination faced by customers who belong to subordinate groups

Q: Which of the following indicates the prevalence of a glass wall? a. women being expected to find a fine balance between work outside the home and childcare and housework b. men who enter female-dominated occupations being rewarded frequently with promotions and positions of responsibility c. groups that reject assimilation and promote coexistence and pluralism d. women being placed in support positions that reflect their stereotypical helping nature

Q: The ________ refers to the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women. a. glass ceiling b. glass cliff c. glass wall d.glass escalator

Q: Gerard and Zoya work as teachers at an elementary school. Even though they are equally qualified, Gerard is being assigned more responsibilities and eventually becomes the school principal while Zoya continues to work as a teacher. This is an example of ________ existing in the educational institution. a. occupational segregation b. the glass escalator c. the glass wall d. the double burden

Q: Dominique works at the human resources department in a software product development firm. She finds that her efforts to work in a position at the sales department are consistently blocked, even though she is qualified for the job. This is an example of ________ existing in the organization. a. economic discrimination b. a glass escalator c. a glass cliff d. a glass wall

Q: At the workplace, women and racial and ethnic minorities face ________ that keep them from moving laterally to jobs that might lead to broader experience. a. glass cliffs b. glass escalators c. glass ceilings d. glass walls

Q: Anita Juarez, a Mexican American woman, works in the public relations department of a firm. Though she is promoted quickly within her department, her attempts to move into the marketing department and to key executive positions are not approved by the management. This is an example of ________. a. reverse discrimination b. a glass wall c. affirmative action d. a glass cliff

Q: Which of the following best describes the term glass ceiling? a. attitudinal bias experienced by subordinate-group members that prevents them from reaching their full potential b. the idea that women will subject men to the same treatment that they have been subjected to over the years c. the male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women d. the distribution of people based upon demographic characteristics both across and within occupations and jobs

Q: Which of the following refers to the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership? a. the glass ceiling b. the second shift c. redlining d. de jure segregation

Q: In the 2009 ________ case, the Supreme Court decided in favor of White firefighters that many saw as recognizing reverse racism. a. Metro Broadcasting v. FCC b. Gratz v. Bollinger c. Ricci v. DeStefano d. Griggs v. Duke Power Co.

Q: Opponents of affirmative action argue that the use of quotas for minority groups in hiring practices leads to ________. a. reverse discrimination b. attributional ambiguity c. economic discrimination d. naturalization

Q: Government actions often cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men. This is an example of ________. a. ethnocentrism b. reverse discrimination c. xenocentrism d. racial integration

Q: In states that have been barred from using race explicitly in admissions, ________. a. enrolment of White students has lowered b. students from minority groups are performing better academically c. there has been no change in minority enrollment rates d. Black and Latino enrollment has dropped

Q: In 2013, the Supreme Court made a ruling in the Davis v. University of Texas at Austin case that ________. a. the college must show compelling evidence that racial preferences are justified as one of the admissions criteria b. race cannot be used in the admissions formula for undergraduates at the University of Texas c. White professors may bring reverse discrimination claims against Court-approved affirmative action plans d. standardized academic tests or criteria must not be geared to the cultural norms of White students

Q: In the ________ case, the Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional for universities to adopt flexible admission programs that use race as one factor in making decisions. a. Brown b. Johnson c. Weber d. Bakke

Q: The phrase affirmative action first appeared in an executive order issued by President ________. a. John F. Kennedy b. Lyndon B. Johnson c. Richard Nixon d. Gerald Ford

Q: Which of the following terms refers to the positive effort to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities? a. affirmative action b. occupational segregation c. xenocentrism d. essentialism

Q: Which of the following statements about environmental justice is true? a. Issues of environmental justice are limited to metropolitan areas. b. There is a higher probability that White communities lack the resources to tackle environmental problems. c. Low-income communities are more likely to be adjacent to waste sites. d. Native American reservation land is protected from environmental abuse.

Q: Which of the following best describes the term environmental justice? a. the rights of all communities to receive protection from the threat of hazardous waste b. equal access to parkland recreation programs to people of all ethnicities, regardless of race c. efforts to ensure that Native American lands are free from misuse d. the rights of Green parties to appear on ballots

Q: Which of the following statements is true of wealth inequality? a. The wealth gap between White households and Black and Latino households is decreasing. b. Black children are more likely to surpass their parents' income than White children. c. Well-off Black Americans are more likely to have acquired knowledge from their parents about how to invest wisely. d. The median wealth of White households is 20 times that of Black households.

Q: Two years into her new job, Paula finds that her salary is considerably lesser than that of her male colleagues at similar positions. She can seek redress for this disparity in pay even after 180 days under the ________. a. Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act b. Employment Non-Discrimination Act c. Equal Pay Act of 1963 d. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

Q: In which of the following Supreme Court rulings did the court affirm that victims had to file a formal complaint within 180 days of the alleged discrimination? a. New York State Clubs Assoc. v. City of New York b. Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. c. Gratz v. Bollinger d. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Q: In 1987, the Supreme Court ruled in two cases that any member of an ethnic minority may sue under federal prohibitions against discrimination. These two cases involved ________. a. an Iraqi American professor and a Hispanic American b. a Jewish rabbi and an African American minister c. an Iraqi American professor and a Jewish congregation d. a Buddhist and a Jewish congregation

Q: Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences regarding redlining. She states, "I was treated differently when lenders and real estate agents realized that I was an African American." Which of the following is most likely to have occurred after they realized that she was an African American? a. She was shown better properties than those shown to people of other ethnicities. b. She was offered less expensive loans than White home buyers. c. She was quoted lower rents compared to people of other ethnicities. d. She was shown fewer units than White people.

Q: Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences regarding redlining. She states, "I was treated differently when lenders and real estate agents realized that I was an African American." Which of the following is most likely to have occurred before they realized that she was an African American? a. She was asked fewer questions about her finances. b. She was considered a "risk" due to her financial situation. c. She experienced unkept appointments. d. She was quoted higher rents compared to people of other ethnicities.

Q: Joanne and Richard are both single parents looking for housing in a certain neighborhood. Joanne is consistently quoted higher rents than Richard. If Joanne is being redlined, it is because she differs from Richard in terms of ________. a. race b. income level c. age d. occupation

Q: Redlining refers to the pattern of ________. a. racial profiling by law enforcement agencies b. racial groups to be employed in different occupations from each other c. IQ tests favoring middle-class children, especially the White and Hispanic middle class d. discrimination against those trying to buy homes in racially changing localities

Q: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 applied to any businesses with more than ________ employees. a. 50 b. 250 c. 100 d. 25

Q: The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was given the power to ________. a. ensure that employees have a work environment free from recognized hazards b. investigate complaints against employers c. make recommendations to the President d. ensure that employees do not work more than the maximum number of hours established by the Commission

Q: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to the establishment of the ________. a. Glass Ceiling Commission (GCC) b. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) c. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) d. Affirmative Action Board (AAB)

Q: Which of the following has been the key driver for initiatives to end discrimination? a. action by the federal government b. laws passed by individual states c. resistance to inequality by subordinate groups d. efforts made by the media to eradicate racial discrimination

Q: A firm promotes men to higher positions than women despite women performing better at the workplace. This is because the company believes that women need to balance tasks at home and work, which makes it difficult for them to take up positions of increased responsibility. This is an example of ________. a. reverse discrimination b. affirmative action c. the self-fulfilling prophecy d. sex discrimination

Q: For married couples working in the same firm, company policies provide a higher number of leaves to the mother than the father in the event of childbirth. This results in lost work opportunities and lesser chances of promotion for the woman. This policy is an example of ________. a. prejudice b. de facto segregation c. sex discrimination d. eliminationism

Q: Which of the following is true of earning members of different groups? a. The median income of Asian American men is lesser than that of White males. b. Women with a master's degree earn more than men with a bachelor's degree. c. Men earn a higher annual income than women regardless of race or ethnicity. d. The median incomes of Hispanic men and White men are the same.

Q: ________ constitute the group with the highest median income in the U.S. a. White women b. Asian men c. Black women d. White men

Q: Which of the following terms refers to racist outcomes that become so widespread that minority groups endure them as a part of everyday life? a. woodwork racism b. environmental racism c. scientific racism d. symbolic racism

Q: Many Baltonian men were effectively barred from serving in the police department of Rhodia because they failed to meet the minimum height requirement. The height requirement in no way helped perform the job effectively and favored White men in securing positions in the department. This is an example of ________. a. occupational segregation b. reverse discrimination c. institutional discrimination d. group libel

Q: Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination? a. a job that places a blanket exclusion on hiring people with felony records b. a sales job that requires employees to be fluent in the local language c. a job that does not permit children to accompany parents to the workplace d. a job that has an equal number of holidays for employees of all ethnicities

Q: According to Carmichael and Hamilton, ________ can take place without an individual intending to deprive others of privileges and even without the individual being aware that others are being deprived. a. pluralism b. anti-Semitism c. color-blind racism d. institutional racism

Q: Civil rights activist Carmichael and political scientist Hamilton introduced the concept of ________ to refer to covert acts committed collectively against an entire group. a. pluralism b. institutional discrimination c. color-blind racism d. institutional racism

Q: ________ is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. a. Essentialism b. Eliminationism c. Occupational segregation d. Institutional discrimination

Q: What is institutional discrimination? a. the denial of opportunities based on prejudice and hate b. the process by which individuals perceive their own abilities as superior than those of others c. the process by which organizations of society differentiate against the people of minority groups d. the distribution of people based on various demographic characteristics such as gender, age, ethnicity, and location, within occupations

Q: Which of the following is true of hate groups? a. They direct their crimes toward those who are relatively powerless. b. Their existence on the World Wide Web is close to negligible. c. Their crimes are limited to minority religious groups. d. A majority of their crimes are anti-White.

Q: The motivation for the bias in most hate crimes is ________. a. age b. race c. sexual orientation d. disability

Q: The ________ became a law in 1990 and created a national mandate to identify bias crimes. a. Civil Rights Act b. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act c. Hate Crime Statistics Act d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

Q: An ordinary crime is defined as a(n) ________ when offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristicfor example, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disabilityand provide evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the crime. a. crime against morality b. bias crime c. inchoate crime d. organized crime

Q: Berko, who works as a sales executive at ABZ Pharmaceuticals, has proved to be one of the best sales representatives in his team. However, regardless of performance, he was passed over for a promotion because he was a part of the cultural minority in the organization. In this scenario, Berko has experienced ________. a. cultural relativism b. discrimination c. absolute deprivation d. affirmative action

Q: An immigrant group has access to better opportunities and comforts than it had in its home country. However, in comparison with dominant groups in its present country, it feels underprivileged. In this case, the immigrant group is experiencing ________. a. relative deprivation b. self-stereotyping c. community cohesion d. absolute deprivation

Q: Dominant group members tend to have better material comforts and more political freedom than minority groups. Sociologists refer to this type of inequality as ________. a. total deprivation b. relative deprivation c. ethnocentrism d. prejudice

Q: ________ refers to the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. a. Affirmative action b. Cultural assimilation c. Relative deprivation d. Xenocentrism

Q: The pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority or racially changing neighborhoods is called ________.

Q: ________ refers to overt acts of individual Whites against individual Blacks.

Q: ________ implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist.

Q: Which of the following would prevent women from laterally switching jobs within the same company? a. glass ceilings b. glass cliffs c. glass walls d. glass escalators

Q: What isreverse discrimination? a. The charge that women are discriminated against in employment practices. b. The charge that affirmative action discriminates against dominant group members. c. The charge that law enforcement officers belonging to majority groups discriminate against others. d. The charge that employees in senior management positions exploit those in lower levels of the organizational hierarchy.

Q: The effort to recruit members of subordinate groups for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities is called ________. a. institutional discrimination b. affirmative action c. relative deprivation d. occupational segregation

Q: ________ refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance. a. Environmental justice b. Affirmative action c. Intergenerational equity d. Environmental pluralism

Q: Which of the following is true of institutional discrimination? a. It refers to the efforts and programs that suggest special treatment of women or racial minorities. b. It imposes more hindrances on certain racial and ethnic groups than it does to others. c. It discriminates against members of the dominant group. d. It is the inability of racial minorities to move laterally in organizations.

Q: Jonathan is publicly attacked because of his sexual orientation. This is an example of a(n) ________. a. white-collar crime b. crime against morality c. organized crime d. hate crime

Q: Discuss the social distance scale.

Q: Explain contact hypothesis with examples.

Q: What is the relationship between education and prejudice?

Q: List ten ways to fight prejudice.

Q: What is the evidence of intergroup hostility other than that of Whites toward minorities?

Q: Discuss racial profiling with appropriate examples.

Q: Describe the concept of stereotypes. Explain with examples why are some traits assigned more often than others.