Q&A Hero

Q: Explain the exploitation theory of prejudice.

Q: Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination; and explain the relationship between them using Merton's typology.

Q: In his book, The Filter Bubble, online political activist Eli Pariser contends that when a search engine filters searches, it encloses people in a kind of "invisible bubble" or "walled garden" that ________. a. limits what they see to what they are already familiar with b. exposes them to new, exciting information that knows no boundaries c. enables them to discover ideas that are outside their comfort zone d. ensures that they are connected to other people all the time

Q: The key factor in reducing racial hostility, in addition to equal-status contact, is ________. a. the presence of a common goal b. the emphasis on cultural difference c. marginalization of minority groups d. restricted intergroup contact

Q: A Black worker is shown how to perform her factory job by a White male supervisor. According to the contact hypothesis, this situation would be unlikely to reduce prejudice because ________. a. it is set in a blue-collar work environment b. the worker is not a White woman c. the two individuals do not have equal status d. sexism and racism are prevalent

Q: A Hispanic college student from the southwest U.S. arrives in college to find that her roommate is a Jewish woman from New York. As they get to know one another they are able to overcome their initial prejudices and grow to appreciate each other's strengths and talents. This scenario is an example of the ________. a. contact hypothesis b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. formal education hypothesis d. scapegoating theory

Q: Which of the following states that intergroup interaction between people of equal status in harmonious circumstances causes them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes? a. the contact hypothesis b. the self-fulfilling prophecy c. the anomie theory of deviance d. the exploitation theory of race relations

Q: Asking people their willingness to interact with or be employed with people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds measures their level of ________. a. discrimination b. stereotyping c. social distance d. scapegoating

Q: Which of the following statements is true of the portrayal of racial and ethnic minorities in television? a. Racial and ethnic minorities are far underrepresented in key decision-making positions such as directors, producers, and casting agents. b. Racial and ethnic minorities have a considerably huge screen time, and play popular recurring characters on television shows. c. The absence of racial and ethnic minorities in television is not well documented. d. Racial and ethnic minorities are cast in flattering and pivotal roles in prime time television shows.

Q: Studies document that increased formal education, regardless of content, is associated with ________. a. scapegoating b. prejudice c. racial tolerance d. affirmative action

Q: Which of the following is a cause of prejudice? a. the commitment to equality b. the fear of being threatened c. the desire to eradicate exploitation d. the need to avoid failure

Q: Intergroup hostility refers to the ________. a. discrimination against subordinate groups by dominant groups b. hostile attitudes of straight people toward gays and lesbians c. prejudice among specific subordinate groups d. racial profiling of immigrants in the U.S

Q: A study by psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark was cited in the arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education. The finding of Clarks' study suggested that ________. a. Black children preferred Black dolls b. Black children had developed a negative self-image c. White social scientists tend to be biased d. White-faced dolls were more readily available to children

Q: Opinion pollsters have been interested in White attitudes on racial issues longer than they have measured the views of subordinate groups. This neglect of minority attitudes reflects ________. a. the bias of the White researchers b. the unwillingness of minorities to participate c. the ethnocentrism of minorities d. the view that minority groups are more important to study

Q: Which of the following is a conclusion of a survey on White attitudes toward African Americans? a. Less progress was made in the 1950s and 1960s than that was made in the late twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries. b. The pursuit of a color-blind agenda has created lower levels of support for politics that could reduce racial inequality if implemented. c. There has been a growing reluctance by Whites for integration, interracial dating, and having members of minority groups attain political office. d. Even during periods of dramatic social upheaval, White attitudes toward African Americans remain unchanged within all generations.

Q: An important aspect of color-blind racism is ________. a. the use of racially positive principles to reinforce the racially equal status quo b. the recognition that race is rarely invoked in public debates on social issues c. the overt expression of notions of racial inferiority d. the emphasis on recognizing patterns of groups being disadvantaged

Q: The use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo is called ________. a. color-gradient racism b. color-blind racism c. non-visible racism d. sand-blind racism

Q: Generally, racial profiling occurs when ________. a. law enforcement officers assume that people fitting certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in something illegal b. members of the dominant group use race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo c. government officials grant rights and immunities as a particular benefit or favor to Whites for being of the White race d. ethnic and racial minorities speak to or about members of the dominant group in a condescending way

Q: Which of the following is an example of racial profiling? a. Kendrick, an African American, is recruited as a pilot for a commercial airliner. b. Zayn, an Arab American, is stopped at a turnpike on suspicion of possessing armed weapons. c. Andrew, a White American, is issued a speeding ticket for going ten miles over the limit. d. Henry, a Mexican American, is appointed as the brand ambassador of a motorbike company.

Q: According to the Department of Justice, any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than behavior is called ________. a. panethnicity b. scapegoating c. racial profiling d. ethnic cleansing

Q: ________ is the fear of and prejudice toward gays and lesbians. a. Homophobia b. Anti-Semitism c. Sexism d. Ethnocentrism

Q: Stereotypes not only influence how people feel about themselves but also affect how people ________. a. interact with others b. commit to equal treatment of all c. become unprejudiced d. develop racial tolerance

Q: Bing is of Chinese descent. When he first attended his high school in Sacramento, his classmates asked him if he knew Kung fu, the Chinese martial arts. They were surprised when Bing told them that he had no knowledge of Kung fu. Bing's classmates' notion of him represents ________. a. stereotyping b. prejudice c. exploitation d. ethnocentrism

Q: According to the authoritarian personality theory of prejudice, ________. a. people blame others for their own failures b. people use others unfairly for economic advantage c. childrearing leads one to develop intolerance as an adult d. peer and social influences encourage tolerance or intolerance

Q: According to exploitation theory of prejudice, ________. a. peer and social influences encourage tolerance or intolerance b. people blame others for their own failures c. childrearing leads one to develop intolerance as an adult d. people use others unfairly for economic advantage

Q: Jared, a White American, is a high school student at Dream Valley High. He is close friends with Chris, an African American. Jared often invites Chris to his house for celebration of family functions. Jared's parents are accepting of Chris. Which of the following theories of prejudice can explain the racial tolerance of Jared and his parents? a. authoritarian personality theory b. scapegoating theory c. normative approach d. exploitation approach

Q: The ________ takes the view that prejudice is influenced by situations that encourage or discourage the tolerance of minorities. a. scapegoating theory b. exploitation theory c. normative approach d. contact hypothesis

Q: Humberto, a Mexican, is hired as a worker at a construction firm in Chicago at a lower wage than his White American counterparts. This scenario is best explained by the ________ of prejudice. a. exploitation theory b. normative theory c. contact theory d. scapegoating theory

Q: Which of the following approaches explains how racism can stigmatize a group as inferior so that the victimization of that group can be justified? a. contact hypothesis b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. normative approach d. exploitation theory

Q: The ________ of prejudice is part of the Marxist tradition in sociological thought. a. scapegoating theory b. authoritarian personality theory c. exploitation theory d. normative theory

Q: A person with an authoritarian upbringing is most likely to ________. a. treat others as he or she had been raised b. be committed to equality among people c. disregard conventional values d. be tolerant to subordinate groups

Q: Anti-Jewish prejudice and discrimination is known as ________. a. anti-Nazism b. anti-Bogardus c. anti-Semitism d. anti-Apartheid

Q: When Darren, a White American, failed to secure a job at a leading private bank in Salt Lake City, he blamed the immigrants for his plight. The immigrants, in this instance, become the ________. a. discriminators b. pluralists c. scapegoats d. stereotypes

Q: The ________ suggests that, rather than accepting guilt for some failure, a person transfers the responsibility for failure to a vulnerable group. a. exploitation theory b. scapegoating theory c. normative approach d. authoritarian personality theory

Q: Scapegoating theory says that prejudiced people believe they are ________. a. society's victims b. racially tolerant c. prejudiced nondiscriminators d. devoid of ethnicity

Q: When asked to comment on their "Whiteness," White people most likely see themselves ________. a. stigmatized as racist b. racially tolerant c. ethnically diverse d. pioneers of reverse discrimination

Q: Which of the following is an advantage of being White as identified by McIntosh? a. watching television and seeing people of one's own race being underrepresented b. being considered financially reliable when using checks, credit cards, or cash c. having to speak for all the people of one's race d. speaking effectively in a large group and being called a credit to one's race

Q: Which of the following statements is true of LaPiere's study? a. The respondents to the questionnaires in LaPiere's study held strong prejudiced beliefs and were willing to act based on those asserted beliefs. b. The results of LaPiere's study showed that Whites were extremely prejudiced toward the Chinese. c. A flaw of LaPiere's study was that even though LaPiere accompanied the couple, the questionnaires suggested that the guests would be unescorted. d. A merit of LaPiere's study was that it used a standard scale to ascertain that the respondents to the questionnaires were the people who had served LaPiere and the Chinese couple.

Q: LaPiere's study in the early 1930s involving travel with a Chinese couple throughout the United States indicated that most people who participated in the follow-up questionnaire were ________. a. all-weather liberals b. reluctant liberals c. all-weather bigots d. timid bigots

Q: According to Merton's typology, a person who harbors prejudice but will not discriminate if discrimination costs money or reduces profits is called a(n) ________. a. all-weather liberal b. timid bigot c. all-weather bigot d. reluctant liberal

Q: The owner of a car dealership refuses to hire a female applicant not because he feels women are incompetent, but because he fears that customers will be less likely to buy a car from a woman. According to Merton's typology, the owner is being a(n) ________. a. authoritarian b. timid bigot c. all-weather bigot d. reluctant liberal

Q: Which of the following measures can prove to be effective in influencing reluctant liberals toward less discriminatory behavior? a. equal-opportunity legislation b. diversity workshop c. public relations campaign d. cross-cultural training

Q: Reluctant liberals are those who ________. a. discriminate in an overt fashion b. discriminate if there is social pressure to do so c. harbor prejudice but do not express it d. act without hesitation on their prejudiced beliefs

Q: According to Merton's typology, all-weather liberals ________. a. do not believe in equal treatment for racial and ethnic groups b. acts with hesitation on the prejudiced beliefs he or she holds. c. believe in equality among people and practice it d. act without hesitation on their prejudiced beliefs

Q: The president of a bank refuses to hire the most qualified candidate for a key management position because the candidate is Jewish. This is an example of ________. a. discrimination b. pluralism c. ethnocentrism d. panethnicity

Q: Unlike prejudice, discrimination ________. a. is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people b. is a belief or attitude toward an entire category of people c. does not ever lead to categorical rejection of people d. involves behavior that excludes members of a group from certain rights

Q: ________ is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons. a. Ethnophaulism b. Assimilation c. Discrimination d. Ethnocentrism

Q: Which of the following statements is true of prejudice? a. Prejudice involves attitudes, thoughts, beliefs, and actions. b. Prejudice involves disliking a person because his or her behavior is objectionable. c. Prejudice necessarily coincides with discriminatory behavior. d. Prejudice occurs even if one has had little or no contact with a racial or ethnic group.

Q: A prejudiced belief leads to ________. a. categorical rejection b. embodied ethnocentrism c. communal harmony d. cultural assimilation

Q: The coach of a local basketball team remarked that Ming was quite tall for an Asian. This is an instance of ________. a. panethnicity b. pluralism c. ethnocentrism d. ethnophaulism

Q: Which of the following components does prejudice involve? a. attitudes b. actions c. ethics d. behaviors

Q: ________ is defined as a negative attitude toward an entire category of people. a. Prejudice b. Ethnocentrism c. Pluralism d. Panethnicity

Q: Robert Park and Ernest Burgess defined ________ as the tendency to approach or withdraw from a social group.

Q: ________ is the ideology that one sex is superior to the other.

Q: ________ refers to the rights or immunities granted as a particular benefit or favor for being White.

Q: Which of the following statements is true of diversity training programs in organizations? a. They aim to reduce ill treatment based on race, gender, and ethnicity. b. They are more prevalent in corporations with lower representation of minorities. c. They follow a standard structure in all organizations. d. They exclude all aspects of citizenship status, marital status, and parental status.

Q: The Bogardus scale was conceptualized to measure ________ empirically. a. social distance b. racial bias c. gender inequality d. economic disparity

Q: Eddie, a Mexican, is a college student at Oklahoma City. He is good in studies and finishes all his college assignments on time. His White American classmates are amused at his sincerity. They think that Eddie is an exception to all Mexicans as he is not lazy like other Mexicans. The assumption of Eddie's classmates about Mexicans represents ________. a. racial profiling b. ethnocentrism c. stereotyping d. social distance

Q: Which of the following statements is true of people with authoritarian personality? a. They are unlikely to be prejudiced. b. They disregard conventional values. c. They are concerned with power and toughness. d. They are aggressive toward people who conform to norms.

Q: According to Merton's typology, which of the following types of person may be far removed from any real contact with subordinate groups? a. all-weather liberal b. reluctant liberal c. timid bigot d. all-weather bigot

Q: Another term for an ethnic slur is ________. a. ethnocentrism b. prejudice c. ethnophaulism d. discrimination

Q: The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others is termed ________. a. cultural relativism b. ethnocentrism c. prejudice d. assimilation

Q: Discuss the Afrocentric perspective.

Q: Provide an argument against the statement that "subordinate groups merely accept the definitions and ideologies of the dominant group." Give specific historical and contemporary examples to support your answer.

Q: Discuss assimilation.

Q: Explain the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy with appropriate examples.

Q: Why are many Americans challenged when asked to address the question, "Who am I?" in terms of race and/or ethnicity?

Q: Explain the social construction of race with an example. Describe the concept of racism.

Q: Discuss how conflict sociologists see the social world as being in continual struggle. When is the conflict model selected?

Q: Discuss the five functions that racial beliefs serve for the dominant group in accordance with the functionalist perspective.

Q: List and explain the five characteristics of a minority or subordinate group.

Q: Opponents of the Afrocentric perspective see it as ________. a. a cultural resistance against assimilation with the dominant group b. an attempt of the African people to come to full self-determination c. a movement against White and Eurocentric intellectual interpretations d. a separatist view of history and culture that distorts past and present

Q: African American studies scholar Molefi Kete Asante has called for an Afrocentric perspective that ________. a. justifies the slave trade in the US b. seeks to override Eurocentrism c. emphasizes the customs of African cultures d. disregards the history of Blacks in the US

Q: In the context of consequences of subordinate-group status, the equation A + B + C → A + B + C describes ________. a. amalgamation b. pluralism c. assimilation d. genocide

Q: Which of the following statements is true of pluralists? a. They are in favor of following a homogenous culture. b. They try to impose the dominant group's culture on all subgroups. c. They seek the elimination of cultural frontiers. d. They believe in maintaining many ethnic boundaries.

Q: Which of the following allows a minority group to express its own culture in the larger society without suffering prejudice or discrimination? a. assimilation b. amalgamation c. segregation d. pluralism

Q: Pluralism implies that ________. a. diverse groups in a society work toward adopting one homogeneous culture b. the society aims at eliminating ethnic boundaries c. various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another's cultures d. subordinate groups need to embrace the dominant group's culture

Q: Under which of the following conditions does assimilation tend to take longer? a. when the minority group arrives over an extended period of time b. when the minority group residents are dispersed c. when the homeland of the immigrants is far away and inaccessible d. when the minority group retains its own culture

Q: In the context of consequences of subordinate-group status, the equation A + B + C ïƒ A describes ________. a. pluralism b. amalgamation c. assimilation d. segregation

Q: The process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group is known as ________. a. amalgamation b. pluralism c. genocide d. assimilation