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Sociology
Q:
Realtors no longer practice "racial steering" to maintain residential segregation patterns.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A recent study shows that a major factor in the probability of imprisonment for African American males is growing up in a single-parent home.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, black men have a slightly higher median income than white women, while black women appear to face discrimination by both race and gender.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Moynihan Report, which supported the "culture of poverty" theory, could be considered by critics as an example of "blaming the victim."
a. True
b. False
Q:
The culture of poverty theory attributes poverty to structural problems in society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The African American family has been perceived as weak, unstable, and a cause of continuing poverty.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The culture of poverty theory proves that the problem of urban poverty is due to female-headed families with "bad" or inappropriate work values.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Nation of Islam wanted to develop the black community economically and supply jobs and capital solely by using their own resources.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The forms of institutional discrimination that persist in the present are less subtle and more overt than those that defined the Jim Crow system.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Recent lawsuits have upheld some affirmative action programs in higher education but only under very limited conditions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There is little support for affirmative action in the United States as a whole.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Personnel policies in the workforce that are based on seniority can have discriminatory results in the present because in the past, members of minority groups and women were excluded from specific occupations.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Modern institutional discrimination is one of the major challenges facing minority groups.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In the United States, deindustrialization tended to increase men's wages.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Jobs in the primary labor market are likely to be seasonal, have high turnover, or offer low wages.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Today, job growth in the United States is largely in manufacturing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Sharecropping is a form of de jure segregation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Following emancipation, there was a significant increase in marriages among African Americans.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Poll taxes largely disenfranchised poor white and black men, preventing them from voting at all in local, state, and federal elections.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Industrialization is the shift from a manufacturing economy to a service sector economy.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Average educational levels for minority groups have remained stagnant since World War II.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Institutional discrimination is tied to unequal opportunity due to discrimination, personal prejudice, and group competition.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The primary labor market includes low-paid, unskilled, insecure jobs, while the secondary labor market includes higher paid, high benefit positions in large, bureaucratic organizations.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Increasing bureaucracy in the business field has improved the opportunities of minorities who are skilled and hard working.
a. True
b. False
Q:
As urbanization increases, paternalistic controls of minority groups tends to decrease or become irrelevant.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to sociologist Stanley Lieberson, the northern migration of African Americans actually aided the upward mobility of European immigrants and their descendants.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The statement that African Americans voted against southern segregation "with their feet" referred to the dance and blues music that developed during this time period.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Under Jim Crow, lynchings were imposed to enforce segregation, and during the period from 1884 to 1900, there was an average of one lynching every other day.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The movement of proportional representation in job types (extractive-manufacturing-service) closely models the progression of industrialization.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Under Plessy v. Ferguson, it was established that separate and fully equal treatment for African Americans and European Americans was constitutional; this mandate was fully followed.
a. True
b. False
Q:
After Reconstruction, sharecropping replaced slavery as the main way that the South supported an agrarian economy.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Because the South lost the Civil War, followed by a great turnover under Reconstruction, the basic class structure and agrarian economy was destroyed.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Under de jure segregation, separation of African Americans and European Americans in virtually all aspects of social life was required by law.
a. True
b. False
Q:
One important factor shaping the experience of the immigrants was the extent that the group chose to be Americanized.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Zealous patriots and nativists supported wider immigration because their own origins were from Europe.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The Jim Crow system was motivated by a need to control labor and was reinforced by coercion and intense racism and prejudice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The entire northern African American population enjoyed greater freedom and developed more political and economic resources.
a. True
b. False
Q:
African American females were employed mostly in agriculture and domestic service during the era of segregation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
African American women are one of the least exploited groups in America.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Black southerners responded to segregation in part by moving to northern urban areas.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Many Jews fled from pogroms, government sponsored attacks, in Russia by moving to the United States.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The first massive waves of immigration to the United States were primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe.
a. True
b. False
Q:
As the industrial revolution spread throughout Europe, parallel patterns of emigration from Europe to the United States occurred.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In a paternalistic system of group relations, overt intergroup contact is common.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following programs would Americans most likely support?
a. Preferential hiring of African Americans in a large corporation
b. Preferential admission of Latino students to a large university
c. Enhanced job training for African American females in an urban area
d. Admission quotas for racial minorities at a small, private college
Q:
What were sundown towns?
a. Industrialized areas in the North where aspects of African American culture such as literature and music were able to flourish
b. American towns and cities where non-white populations were expelled between the 1890 s and the 1960s
c. Regional pockets in South Africa that didn't conform to Apartheid
d. Towns and villages in the South that were destroyed by violence associated with Black protests
Q:
In the 1970 and 1980s, most Supreme Court decisions supporting the constitutionality of affirmative action programs involved__________ policies of discrimination.
a. blatant
b. economic
c. justifiable
d. subtle
Q:
Supreme Court decisions involving affirmative action lawsuits at the University of Michigan and the University of Texas suggest a trend toward
a. promoting blatant institutional discrimination on college campuses.
b. applying affirmative action to a range of diverse situations and circumstances.
c. narrowing the scope and applicability of affirmative action programs.
d. increasing the diversity of students by admitting minority students with low grade point averages.
Q:
The case of Ricci v. DeStefano is an example of
a. disparate impact.
b. blatant discrimination.
c. intentional prejudice.
d. reverse racism.
Q:
Puerto Rican immigrants are to __________ as Mexican American immigrants are to __________.
a. the Spanish-American War; World War II
b. World War II; the Spanish American War
c. the Korean War; World War I
d. World War I; the Korean War
Q:
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes access to education in the U.S.?
a. Opportunities for high-quality education have been distributed equally across the population since World War II.
b. Since the civil rights movement, a large portion of American educational institutions have discouraged minority applicants.
c. Many American minority groups are victims of overt and illegal educational discrimination that has excluded them from working in the secondary labor market.
d. Minority children are more likely to attend underfunded, deteriorating schools and receive overall inferior educations
Q:
Police officer, waiter, and teacher are all examples of __________ occupations.
a. extractive
b. primary
c. manufacturing
d. tertiary
Q:
Accent, dialect, and home address are all
a. racial characteristics.
b. characteristics associated with race.
c. innate characteristics.
d. characteristics of equality.
Q:
All of the following are ways racial residential segregation has been preserved today except
a. black customers are required to furnish greater down payments.
b. blacks are charged higher interest rates.
c. black customers are told that a unit is already sold or rented.
d. black housing applications are blatantly denied when gatekeepers see their race.
Q:
A key factor in preserving racial stratification in the present is racial residential segregation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Personnel policies based on seniority and racial differences in home ownership are examples of __________ discrimination.
a. past-in-present institutional
b. racial
c. terminal
d. historical
Q:
In the 19th century, African Americans were predominantly a(n) __________ group.
a. ethnic
b. atheist
c. rural
d. flourishing
Q:
Which of the following consequences was frequently imposed on black Southerners who did not conform to the Jim Crow system?
a. Lynching
b. Banishment to northern cities
c. Disenfranchisement
d. Removal of one's constitutional rights
Q:
"Disparate impact" means:
a. A practice has unequal results; federal policy and court precedents tend to assume that the practice is racially biased
b. Using race as a way to employ more whites
c. Limiting the number of people who work full-time
d. Reducing the negative impact on whites from affirmative action programs
Q:
Affirmative action:
a. Is a group of programs that attempt to reduce the effects of past discrimination or increase diversity in the workplace or in schools
b. Has helped black males more than any other program in history
c. Has limited the number of Asian Americans hired to work in upper management
d. Applies only to racial minorities, not women
Q:
In the case of Schuette v. BAMN, the Supreme Court
a. Upheld an Michigan Constitutional Amendment which banned the use of race as a factor in admissions and hiring decisions in state universities and agencies
b. Rejected a Michigan constitutional amendment which banned the use of race as a factor in admissions and hiring decisions in state universities and agencies
c. Allowed a quota system to exist for admissions to state universities
d. None of the above
Q:
Most recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions have
a. Supported the use of Affirmative Action programs especially in educational settings
b. Generally rejected the use of Affirmative Action as a decision making tool.
c. Allowed one type of discrimination to correct another type of discrimination
d. Have not addressed the issue of affirmative action in any meaningful way
Q:
Affirmative action is becoming:
a. A more acceptable means of redressing past grievances
b. A generally unacceptable means of attempting to redress past grievances
c. Unnecessary as balance is achieved in many segments of society
d. None of the above
Q:
Past-in-present institutional discrimination involves practices in the present that have discriminatory consequences because of some pattern of discrimination or exclusion in the past. One example of this is:
a. Principle of seniority in the workforce
b. Educational requirements for jobs
c. Affirmative Action
d. Overt discrimination
Q:
The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 extended the right to vote to:
a. Women
b. European immigrants
c. African American men
d. African American men and women
e. Native Americans
Q:
During the Jim Crow era, whites and blacks were separated by extreme segregation. While the free black electorate threatened the political and economic dominance of elite white society, whites still wantedand neededblack labor. Which theory best explains segregation under these conditions?
a. Blauner hypothesis
b. Noel hypothesis
c. Culture of poverty theory
d. Lieberson hypothesis
e. Marxist theory
Q:
Which of the following best exemplifies de jure segregation?
a. Whites and blacks choosing to attend different churches
b. Whites and blacks choosing to live in different neighborhoods
c. Customs suggesting that blacks should act deferentially to whites
d. Laws requiring blacks to use different water fountains from whites
e. All of the above
Q:
Sociologist Stanley Lieberson argues that the great migration of blacks to the North had which of the following effects on white immigrants?
a. It improved the status of white immigrants by providing a comparison that made immigrant whites seem less undesirable.
b. It created unbearable tension between immigrant groups and newly arriving blacks.
c. It created a multicultural community of immigrant whites and newly arriving blackswho struggled together against the dominant group.
d. According to Lieberson, all of the above are correct.
e. According to Lieberson, A and C are correct.
Q:
Which of the following are examples of service (or tertiary) occupations?
a. Farmer, miner
b. Farmer, secretary
c. Factory worker, cab driver
d. Nurse, teacher
e. Farmer, cab driver
Q:
During the nineteenth century, an anti-elitist movement attempted to unite poor whites and blacks in the rural South against the traditional elite classes. This movement was called:
a. Maquiladoras movement
b. Populism (or the populist movement)
c. Paternalism (or the paternalistic movement)
d. Poor people's movement
e. Reconstruction revolution
Q:
According to a public opinion survey conducted in 2000, affirmative action programs are strongly supported by a majority of:
a. Black respondents
b. Native American respondents
c. Women respondents
d. White respondents
e. None of the above
Q:
_____ was born in Jamaica and advocated a return to Africa for black Americans.
a. Jim Crow
b. Booker T. Washington
c. W. E. B. DuBois
d. Marcus Garvey
e. A. Philip Randolph
Q:
Who helped found the NAACP and advocated immediate pursuit of racial equality and a direct assault on de jure segregation?
a. W. E. B. DuBois
b. Jim Crow
c. Booker T. Washington
d. Marcus Garvey
e. Stanley Lieberson
Q:
_____ was a primary opponent of Booker T. Washington and helped to found the NAACP.
a. Jim Crow
b. George Washington Carver
c. W. E. B. DuBois
d. Marcus Garvey
e. A. Philip Randolph
Q:
The great migration of blacks from the South during the early twentieth century was possible because of one option available after emancipation. That option was:
a. Freedom riders
b. Freedom of movement
c. Freedom of speech
d. None of the above
e. All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is an example of modern institutional discrimination?
a. Basing hiring on education, when a minority group has had less opportunity to go to college
b. Banks using strict economic criteria denying low-income minority loans in formerly segregated housing
c. The principle of seniority, in which the last hired is the first fired, when minorities were not eligible for earlier positions
d. When businesses move out of the central city to reduce their overhead costs
e. All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is not typical of jobs within the primary market labor market?
a. Jobs in the service sector with little chance of promotion
b. Jobs with opportunity for advancement
c. Jobs with entry requirements of college degrees
d. Jobs that provide security and good benefits
e. Jobs that are usually in large, bureaucratic organizations
Q:
The__________________, sometimes called the competitive market, includes low-paying, low-skilled, insecure jobs.
a. primary labor market
b. secondary labor market
c. split-labor market
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
Deindustrialization, the shift from manufacturing to service and information jobs, has resulted:
a. In the loss of millions of high-paying and unionized manufacturing jobs
b. In the movement of many industrial jobs to other nations
c. From automation and robotics increasing in factories
d. In new jobs that are high-end and technical, or low-pay, low-skill jobs with few benefits or security
e. All of the above
Q:
Compared to white women at the turn of the twentieth century, African American women were:
a. Less likely to work outside the home
b. More likely to work outside the home
c. More likely to be employed in white-collar jobs
d. Better educated
e. More likely to vote