Q&A Hero

Q: In 1763, the British Crown declared American Indian tribes to be: a. Extinct b. Democracies c. Allies against the French d. Sovereign nations e. Enemies of England

Q: Which of the following were false regarding slave women's experiences? a. Women tended to work in sex-segregated groups more often than male slaves. b. Women tended to work fewer hours than male slaves. c. Women experienced more subordination due to their gender. d. Women induced abortions rather than bring more children into bondage. e. All of the above are true regarding slave women's experiences.

Q: During slavery, which group would be in "double jeopardy"? a. African American men b. African American men over 65 years old c. African American children d. African American women e. European American women

Q: The intensity, strength, and popularity of anti-black Southern racism actually reached its height: a. Almost 200 years after slavery began to emerge b. Shortly before the Africans first arrived in America c. During the Civil War d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: The process of acculturation that took place under slavery could best be described as: a. A melting pot b. Cultural pluralism c. Coercive Anglo-conformity d. Repressive Africanization e. Integration

Q: The creation of slavery is best understood by the concept(s) of: a. Institutional discrimination b. Power c. Inequality d. A and C only e. A, B, and C

Q: The movement to abolish slavery in the United States was called: a. Mutual ethnocentrism b. Quakerism c. Humanitarianism d. Abolitionism e. Revolution

Q: Most scholars agree that: a. Anti-black prejudice was an important cause of American slavery b. Anti-black prejudice was basically a result of American slavery c. Intense anti-black prejudice and racism existed in England before the start of the slave trade d. Anti-black prejudice actually declined as slavery began to take shape in colonial times e. Anti-black prejudice was based on the mutual ethnocentrism between colonialists and Africans

Q: Which of the following would not typically be found in a paternalistic system of group relations? a. A caste system b. A rural agricultural economy c. Forced acceptance of the dominant group culture d. Extensive residential segregation e. Nearly total power by law and custom over the minority group

Q: A society with a small elite class and a plantation-based economy will often develop a form of minority relations called: a. Split labor market b. Socialism c. Paternalism d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: In colonial America, American Indians were not enslaved. According to the Noel hypothesis, this was because: a. There was little power differential between colonists and the American Indians b. There was no competition between colonists and American Indians c. The colonists felt no ethnocentrism against American Indians d. The colonists were, by and large, opposed to slavery e. The colonists preferred the white indentured servants, who were more available and reliable

Q: Robert Blauner presents a theory of dominant-minority relations that stresses the importance of: a. The initial contact situation b. Prejudice and racist ideology c. People's attitudes and willingness to get along d. Education e. Mutual ethnocentrism

Q: When two groups who are in contact with one another each feel that their culture and way of life is superior, judging the other culture by their own standards, this is called: a. Racism b. Selective perception c. Mutual ethnocentrism d. Prejudice e. Discrimination

Q: According to the Noel hypothesis, if two groups came together and the contact situation featured ethnocentrism, competition between groups, and a differential in power, the result of the contact would be: a. Assimilation b. Some system of inequality between the groups c. Some conflict followed by cultural pluralism d. Integration without acculturation e. Warfare

Q: Blauner's continuum of minority groups includes: a. Immigrant groups b. Slaves c. Enclave minorities d. All of the above e. Only A and C

Q: The creation of minority group status largely depends on: a. The size of the dominant group b. The nature of the contact situation c. Whether the dominant group is assimilationist or pluralistic d. The degree of industrialization in the larger society e. The degree of mutual ethnocentrism

Q: _________________ is the tendency to judge other groups, societies, or lifestyles by the standards of one's own culture. a. Assimilation b. Socialization c. Discrimination d. Ethnocentrism e. None of the above

Q: To be successful, the plantation system needed which of the following: a. A cheap labor force b. Farming in volume c. Keeping the production costs low d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: The first Africans were introduced into colonial society as: a. Free blacks b. Indentured servants c. Slaves d. Servants to white landowners e. None of the above

Q: The nature of dominant-minority group relations at any point in time is: a. Largely a function of the characteristics of the society as a whole b. The types of minority groups present c. The male to female ratio of the dominant group d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: According to the text, the most important factor in the creation of minority group status is the: a. Contact situation b. Creation of black slavery c. Labor supply problem d. A and C e. None of the above

Q: Children as young as 5 to 6 months are capable of distinguishing some aspects of gender and race between categories of people. a. True b. False

Q: The correlation between acts of violence against African Americans in the South and the fall of cotton prices illustrates the concept of scapegoating. a. True b. False

Q: Research in Europe supports the contact hypothesis. a. True b. False

Q: When looking at gender stereotypes for females at Arizona State University, students attributed the same characteristics to both European American and African American women. a. True b. False

Q: Attitudes associated with modern racism are consistent with human capital theory. a. True b. False

Q: All intergroup contact reduces prejudice. a. True b. False

Q: Selective perception can reinforce and strengthen stereotypes to the point that the highly prejudiced individual simply does not accept evidence that challenges his or her views. a. True b. False

Q: According to Robert Merton, a person who is unprejudiced and also a discriminator can be considered a "timid bigot." a. True b. False

Q: It is possible for an individual to be prejudiced and not discriminate, but not for a person to discriminate without being prejudiced. a. True b. False

Q: Personality-based theories of prejudice include the split-labor market theory. a. True b. False

Q: Stereotypes are central to the affective dimension of prejudice. a. True b. False

Q: Discrimination is the tendency to think and feel negatively about the members of other groups. a. True b. False

Q: Prejudice has at least two dimensions: an affective or "emotional" dimension and a cognitive or "thinking" dimension. a. True b. False

Q: Surveys of U.S. respondents found that Asians are stereotyped as high on competence but low on warmth, a pattern the researchers labelled as __________ prejudice. a. innocuous b. dimensional c. envious d. ascribed

Q: A series of studies conducted at Princeton University in 1933, 1951, and 1967 indicated that stereotypes of blacks were more favourable. a. True b. False

Q: Prejudice is to __________ as discrimination is to __________. a. questions; answers b. thinking; behaving c. cause; effect d. overt; subtle

Q: A 2012 survey of white respondents found that the most popular explanation for racial inequality between blacks and whites was a. problems within the African American community itself. b. genetic or biological inferiority. c. societal oppression and discrimination. d. lack of policies intended to reduce racial inequality.

Q: All of the following are beliefs of modern racists except a. racial discrimination in American society no longer exists. b. member of minority groups do not work hard enough to succeed. c. affirmative action for minorities is unjustified. d. an awareness that they themselves are prejudiced.

Q: One reason the jigsaw method is so effective at reducing prejudice in children is a. all children are inherently altruistic. b. the children are exposed to the realities of racism. c. elementary students are motivated by a commitment to equality. d. it taps into students' motives of self-interest.

Q: Research exploring race/gender dynamics and Asian American-Pacific Islanders found that which art form helped negate traditional gender specific stereotypes?a. Hip-hop musicb. Mixed mediac. Photographyd. Writing poetry

Q: According to research examining American stereotypes since 1990, which of the following stereotypes persists in American society? a. English as musical b. Italians as conventional c. Jews as unintelligent d. Blacks as lazy

Q: Which of the following theories focuses on the emotional aspect of prejudice? a. The theory of stereotyping b. Selective perception c. The theory of the authoritarian personality d. Anti-miscegenation

Q: Social distance ranking indicate that group rankings were stable from the 1920 to 2011. Which group was listed in the top ranks? a. Northern European b. Muslims c. Japanese d. Poles

Q: Studies on the development of prejudice in children indicate that prejudice is learned through a. education. b. development. c. genetics. d. socialization.

Q: Self-fulfilling prophecy and reinforcement are key components of a. the authoritarian personality. b. scapegoating. c. the vicious cycle. d. social distance.

Q: How did slave owners use Christianity to brainwash slaves into accepting their status? a. They stressed obedience and the rewards of the next life. b. They emphasized the importance of black inferiority to the succession of the human race. c. They demanded that blacks focus on the misery and injustice of life in order to promote hard work. d. They educated blacks about the bible and took them to church.

Q: According to labor market theory, who is the major beneficiary of prejudice? a. The capitalist class b. The dominant group c. Cheap laborers d. Higher-priced laborers

Q: Split labor market theory is to __________ as group interests is to __________. a. Karl Marx; Max Weber b. Max Weber; Karl Marx c. Jim Crow; Dred Scott d. Dred Scott; Jim Crow

Q: One of the major criticisms of modern racism is it seems to ____. a. confuse prejudice with political conservatism b. increase in economic good times c. blame the victim d. account for African American job loss

Q: According to the sociologist Eduardo Bonilla Silva, the new form of prejudice is expressed: a. Openly since the election of President Obama b. In neutral language or objective terms c. In laws that govern social interaction d. All of the above

Q: The contact theory of prejudice argues that four conditions need to be present to reduce prejudice: a. Equal status, common goals, intense interaction, and have active endorsement of authority b. Higher income for majority groups, perceived respect for all people, excellent verbal skill of all people, and knowledge of various cultures c. Cultural knowledge, awareness of difference, encouragement of community leaders, and adequate media representation d. None of the above

Q: One of the variables that researchers suggest is a cause of the decline in prejudice is: a. Good race relations b. Higher paying jobs c. Education d. Minorities on the nightly news

Q: Herber Blumer says prejudice _____. a. occurs normally in all societies b. is a result of the government benefits c. is activated when groups feel that they are threatened by groups they see as beneath them d. is a reaction to progress of the dominant group

Q: Marxism also explains group competition and prejudice by suggesting: a. Elites control the means of production and also the ideas and intellectual activity in a society b. Elites have no control over the competition of minority groups c. Poor people place themselves in situations where they are to blame for group competition for the scarce resources d. None of the above

Q: What are two general stereotypes of minority groups? a. Extreme inferiority and social class b. Extreme inferiority and power and status differences c. Ethnic differences and exploitation d. Exaggerated fear of higher intellect and physicality

Q: Most reported hate crimes are: a. Sexually motivated, with gays, bisexuals, and lesbians as the target group b. Motivated by gender, with women as the target c. Racially motivated, with blacks as the target d. Religiously motivated, with Muslims as the target e. None of the above

Q: A major point in Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma is that: a. Americans learn norms of fairness and justice along with norms that condone or demand unequal treatment based on group membership b. Even close siblings may have different levels of prejudice c. Studies show little familial effect on prejudiced beliefs d. None of the above

Q: Which of the following are the key actors, according to split labor market theorists? a. Capitalists, higher priced labor b. Capitalists, lower priced labor c. Capitalists, higher priced labor, lower priced labor d. Higher priced labor, lower priced labor e. Capitalists

Q: The idea that racism is changing form to a more subtle way of expressing negative feelings is called: a. Blaming the victim b. Declining prejudice c. Social distance d. The vicious cycle e. Modern racism

Q: Some research suggests prejudice is declining in the United States. What suggests it might not be declining? a. Increasing education b. Modern racism c. Hate crimes d. A and B e. B and C

Q: Which of the following best explains "irrational" forms of prejudice? a. Personality-centered theories b. Culture-based theories c. Marxist analysis d. Social distance theories e. Split labor market theory

Q: Germany lost World War I and experienced severe problems with economic recession, unemployment, and horrific inflation during the 1920s. Which theory/theories best explains the rise of the Nazi party in Germany in the 1930s? a. Scapegoat theories b. Culture-based theories c. Marxist analysis d. Social distance theories e. Split labor market theory

Q: When minority groups in a society are exploited and held in a powerless status by the dominant group, which of the following stereotypes is most likely to emerge about that minority group? a. Too crafty b. Too materialistic c. Too smart d. Too ambitious e. Lazy

Q: When power differentials in a society are not very extreme, which of the following stereotypes is most likely to emerge about a minority group? a. Lazy b. Stupid c. Too smart d. Irresponsible e. Evil

Q: You hear someone say that "all women are bad drivers," "all Asians are smart," and "all Latinos drive low-riders." These are examples of: a. Prejudice b. Discrimination c. Stereotypes d. Scapegoating e. Cognition

Q: In split labor market theory, there are three actors in the economic sector of an industrial society. These actors are: a. Elites, dominant race workers, and ethnic workers b. Elites, higher-priced labor, and women c. Elites, costly labor, and service sector workers d. Elites, higher-priced labor, and cheaper labor e. Owners of production, workers, slaves

Q: "The elite segments of American society are using prejudice and racism to manipulate the thoughts and ideas of minority groups and to brainwash them into accepting their position in society." This statement is most consistent with: a. Marxist analysis b. The scapegoat hypothesis c. Split labor market theory d. Attribution theory e. Social distance scale

Q: The Robber's Cave experiment supports the idea that prejudice can be caused by: a. Lax supervision of young people b. Extremely strict rules and regulations c. Conflict situations between groups d. Too much assimilation e. Conflict between individuals

Q: In The American Dilemma, Dr. Gunnar Myrdal suggests that there is a basic conflict (or dissonance) between: a. The projection hypothesis and the scapegoat hypothesis b. The emotional functions of projection c. Authoritarian personality theory and the Noel hypothesis d. Basically egalitarian values and the discriminatory behaviors simultaneously found in U.S. culture e. The social distance between relatives and friends

Q: Your book details Americans' social distance scores from 1926 to 2001. Which of the following was not found in that research? a. Racial minorities such as African Americans ranked below groups with origins in northern and western Europe, even though African Americans are U.S. citizens. b. Racial minorities such as African Americans ranked above groups with origins in northern and western Europe. c. The actual scores generally decrease from decade to decade, indicating less social distance and presumably a decline in prejudice over the years. d. The rankings of the various groups, however, tend to be the same year after year. e. Prejudice exists apart from individuals and is passed from generation to generation.

Q: The concept of social distance best reflects: a. Stereotypes b. Prejudice c. Economic factors d. How close we stand to a person from another culture e. The degree of intimacy we are willing to permit

Q: The Bogardus scale of social distance suggests that prejudice is based in: a. Competition b. Culture c. The distinction between thought and action d. All of the above e. None of the above

Q: Emory Bogardus specified a total of seven degrees of social distance. Which of the following is not one of them? a. To close kinship by marriage b. To my church as fellow parishioners c. To employment in my occupation d. To citizenship in my country e. Would exclude from my country

Q: Explanations for the persistence of prejudice through time stress: a. Competition b. Culture c. Socialization d. All of the above e. B and C

Q: A criticism of the authoritarian personality theory of prejudice is that it: a. Explains individual prejudice b. Does not consider the social settings in which an individual is acting c. Takes family into consideration d. B and C e. None of the above

Q: According to your textbook, what factor(s) play a role in the origins of prejudice? a. Technology b. Socialization c. Competition d. All of the above e. B and C

Q: Which of the following is thought to be an important cause of authoritarian personalities? a. Negative experiences in contacts with minority groups b. Childhood experiences in excessively strict home situations c. A social structure that forces working-class European Americans to compete with minorities d. Economic depressions e. Mutual ethnocentrism

Q: A small town experiences a wave of anti-minority group violence in the weeks following the announcement of massive layoffs at the local factory. These incidents would be consistent with the predictions of: a. Selective perception b. Contact hypothesis c. The cognitive stereotype hypothesis d. The scapegoat hypothesis e. Stereotyping

Q: According to Marxism, the capitalist class in the early twentieth century controlled the racially mixed working class by: a. A strategy of divide and conquer b. Urging higher priced labor to exclude cheaper labor c. Reducing wages d. Manipulating individual personalities e. Encouraging unions