Q&A Hero

Q: In a class system, what is the main basis for social stratification? a. Sexual orientation b. Money c. Appearance d. Kindness

Q: In the estate stratification system of medieval Europe, which was one of the three groups or "estates"? a. Soldiers b. Clergy c. Sociologists d. Techies

Q: The system of separating racial"ethnic groups that was practiced in South Africa was called a. slavery. b. bonded labor. c. apartheid. d. the caste system, which was imported from India.

Q: In endogamy, one a. marries within one's group. b. is forbidden to marry within one's group. c. has multiple wives. d. does not marry at all.

Q: A person's status is a lifelong condition determined by birth in a. social democracy. b. bonded labor. c. a caste system. d. all forms of social stratification.

Q: _____ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements. a. Social stratification b. Ideology c. Endogamy d. Apartheid

Q: What is the difference between bonded labor and slavery? a. They are actually different terms for the same thing. b. Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily (or arranged by parents). c. Some people own other people in bonded labor. d. Slavery is entered into voluntarily.

Q: In some instances, slavery wasa. temporary.b. sought after by the slaves.c. not a case of people owning other people.d. due to the owners being in debt to the slaves.

Q: Which of the following statements about slavery is true? a. It is a product of modern times. b. Racism is the usual basis for it. c. It has been common throughout history. d. It is always considered an inheritable condition.

Q: _____ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. a. Social stratification b. Bonded labor c. Ideology d. Caste system

Q: Describe the relationship between homelessness and mental illness.

Q: Give three ways that functionalists such as Durkheim say that deviance contributes to the social order.

Q: What are the five techniques of neutralization given by Sykes and Matza (19..57/19..88)?

Q: What is differential association theory?

Q: How do norms make a social life possible?

Q: In the medicalization of deviance, deviance becomes a symptom of some underlying illness that demands treatment bya. the court.b. sociologists.c. physicians.d. the police.

Q: _____, the decision to arrest someone or even to ignore a matter, is a routine part of police work.a. Police corruptionb. Police discretionc. Recidivismd. Medicalization of deviance

Q: Since the death penalty was reinstated in 19..77, _____ of those put to death have been white and _____ have been African American. a. 51.%; 49..% b. 58%; 44.% c. 62%; 38.% d. 73%; 24.%

Q: Serial murder is defined as the killing of several victims in _____ or more separate events. a. three b. five c. eight d. 15.

Q: Women commit about _____ of murders, but make up only _____ of death row inmates. a. 10.%; 2% b. 10.%; 4% c. 18.%; 11.% d. 21.%; 13.%

Q: A good indicator that the death penalty applies to lower-class citizens is that _____ of all the prisoners on death row have not finished high school. a. one-fourth b. one-half c. two-thirds d. seven-eighths

Q: The term capital punishment refers to a. white-collar crime. b. nonviolent crime. c. the death penalty. d. laws regulating capitalism in countries under autocratic rule.

Q: The recidivism rate, which is the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested, is _____ within three years of release. a. 15.% b. 38.% c. 68% d. 9.1%

Q: Who did the spate of "three strikes" laws actually end up convicting? a. Nonviolent offenders b. Murderers c. Rapists d. Child molesters

Q: The sharp decline in violent crime can be attributed to a. increased employment. b. a variety of potential factors; research has not yet shown which. c. a lower birth rate. d. the elimination of lead in gasoline.

Q: In prison, _____ of inmates have less than a high-school education. In the U.S. population over 18. years of age, _____ of people have less than a high-school education. a. 10..1%; 2.7% b. 16..4%; 5.0% c. 20..3%; 8.8% d. 30..6%; 12..4%

Q: On any given day, one out of _____ African American, one out of _____ Latino, and one out of _____ white men in their 20.s is in jail.a. 20.; 13.; 19..b. 10.; 20.; 30.c. 8; 26.; 10.0d. 5; 30.; 14.3.

Q: The United States has 5% of the world's population and about _____ of the world's prisoners. a. 3% b. 5% c. 13.% d. 25.%

Q: Executives who are responsible for harm caused by creating pollution, manipulating prices, or making unsafe products can usually a. get away with a modest amount of jail time. b. bypass the courts altogether. c. go into the witness protection program. d. count on their corporations not having to pay any fines.

Q: Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as a. operating impartially to bring justice to all. b. a tool designed by the powerful to maintain their power and privilege. c. focusing on punishment of the powerful. d. an honest endeavor by society to settle disputes equitably.

Q: The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime is known as a. favoring the poor. b. the criminal justice system. c. a mockery. d. class blind and color blind.

Q: In the 20. years from 19..9.2 to 20.12., the percentage of people arrested for burglary who were women a. decreased dramatically. b. decreased slightly. c. increased by 31.%. d. increased by 82%.

Q: Executives who committed corporate crimes at Macy's, Sears, and Bloomingdales spent _____ in jail. a. an average of 10. years b. an average of five years c. an average of six months d. no time

Q: A _____ is committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations. a. street crime b. white-collar crime c. victimless crime d. crime that results in society's most severe punishments

Q: The _____ refers to opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life. a. illegitimate opportunity structure b. strain theory c. legitimate opportunity structure d. social disorder theory

Q: Strain theory _____ the sociological view that deviants are the product of society. a. rejects b. offers an alternative to c. diminishes d. supports

Q: In strain theory, institutionalized means area. rejected.b. approved ways of reaching cultural goals.c. unapproved ways of reaching cultural goals.d. outmoded.

Q: Sociologist Robert Merton developed a. deviance theory. b. a defense of white-collar crime. c. strain theory. d. modern sociology.

Q: _____ may force a group to rethink its moral boundaries, helping the group to adapt to changing circumstances. a. Deviance b. Strain theory c. White collar crime d. Social disintegration

Q: According to functionalists, deviance _____ social unity. a. encourages b. has no discernible impact upon c. destroys d. discourages

Q: How does deviance clarify moral boundaries and affirm norms? a. By following the tenets of strain theory b. Punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of the group. c. By opening up the illegitimate opportunity structure d. Rewarding deviance enhances the strength of the group as a whole.

Q: When judges assign youthful offenders to social workers and counselors, rather than sending them to reform school or jail, they are using diversion, which testifies to the power of a. labeling theory. b. neutralization. c. shaming. d. degradation ceremonies.

Q: Outlaw bikers _____ a deviant identity. a. reject b. deny c. neutralize d. revel in

Q: _____ attempt(s) to neutralize the moral demands of society. a. None of us b. Very few people c. Only deviates d. All of us

Q: In a(n) _____, an individual is called to account before the group, witnesses denounce the person, the offender is pronounced guilty, and the offender is then stripped of the identity of being a group member. a. example of labeling theory b. degradation ceremony c. example of differential association theory d. illegal type of self-control

Q: Shaming is a. illegal. b. a relic dating to colonial times. c. starting to make a comeback. d. a form of neutralization.

Q: Techniques of _____ are ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect, or neutralize, society's norms.a. neutralizationb. the cyber agec. control theoryd. degradation

Q: _____ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. a. Deviance theory b. Control theory c. Labeling theory d. Neutralization

Q: The _____ our bonds are with society, the _____ our inner controls are. a. weaker; more effective b. weaker; less relevant c. stronger; more effective d. stronger; less effective

Q: In control theory, how many control systems are in place to work against our tendencies to deviate? a. None b. One c. Two d. Six

Q: Symbolic interactionists stress that we a. are prisoners of socialization. b. in effect, are pawns in the hands of others. c. help to produce our own orientation to life. d. are predestined to think and act as our groups dictate.

Q: In families living in dangerous neighborhoods, parents want to move because they feel that if their kids have delinquent friends, they are likely to become delinquent, too. Sociological research _____ this belief. a. rejects b. supports c. has not addressed d. is mixed in its findings on

Q: Killing is _____ in mainstream society; but for members of the Mafia, when certain of their norms are broken that threaten a person's honor, _____ would be a deviant act. a. deviant; not killing b. deviant; killing c. frowned upon; killing d. not deviant; killing

Q: About _____ of all those in prison have a father, mother, brother, sister, or spouse who has also served time in prison. a. one-ninth b. one-fourth c. one-half d. two-thirds

Q: Edward Sutherland used the term _____ to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an excess of definitions of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant. a. control theory b. labeling theory c. shaming d. differential association

Q: Psychologists look at _____ as a possible cause of deviance. a. factors outside the individual b. social influences that recruit people to break norms c. personality disorders d. genes

Q: Street crime refers to acts such as a. embezzlement. b. identity theft. c. mugging, rape, and robbery. d. a corporation hiding large sums of money to avoid paying taxes.

Q: There are a variety of ways to approach deviance. _____ look for answers within individuals, such as a possible genetic predisposition to deviance. a. All sociologists b. Conflict theorists c. Sociobiologists d. Psychologists

Q: The motorcycle policeman appeared out of nowhere and pulled Teresa over for speeding. He was friendly and businesslike as he stood by Teresa's open window and issued her a $25.0. ticket. This is an example of a a. negative sanction. b. neutral sanction. c. positive sanction. d. street crime.

Q: Ted gave a talk to his high school class that was laced with humor and understanding and showed that he really grasped the important points in the history of the French Revolution, which was what his history class was studying. When he was finished, Ted was praised by his teacher as well as by several classmates. The praise was an example of a a. norm. b. positive sanction. c. stigmatization. d. negative sanction.

Q: Because deviance undermines predictability, a system of _____ was developed to enforce the norms. a. street crime b. sociology c. social control d. assumption reinforcement

Q: A group's _____, or customary social arrangements, is brought about by norms. a. social order b. deviance c. crime d. stigma

Q: _____ refers to blemishes that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity. a. Crime b. Norm c. Deviance d. Stigma

Q: _____ violate(s) rules that are written into law. a. Crime b. Deviance c. Personality disorders d. Social order

Q: _____ is the violation of norms. a. Negative sanction b. Deviance c. Social control d. Stigma

Q: The dormitory you live in has decided to organize an evening of music. People from across the entire campus will be invited. First it is necessary to canvas the people living in the dorm to see who plays music or sings. Then it will be necessary to have a unifying theme for the evening's music. And it will be necessary to determine the order of the performers and which pieces they will play. How would an authoritarian leader handle these tasks? A democratic leader? A laissez-faire leader?

Q: Why do guests break into smaller groups at a party?

Q: Explain the connection of the contemporary security state with George Orwell's "memory hole."

Q: What are Max Weber's five characteristics of a bureaucracy?

Q: Chuck was standing in a checkout line at a department store. He scanned the other people in line and did not see anyone he knew. What type of group did Chuck and the other shoppers form? Why?

Q: The key to preventing groupthink might bea. limiting opinions to the contrary.b. the widest possible circulation of research by social scientists.c. curtailing media gathering of information.d. the consultation to leaders by inner circle members who reflect the leader's viewpoint.

Q: In Milgram's experiment, _____ of the students administering the shocks turned the lever all the way to "Danger: Severe Shock."a. noneb. somec. mostd. all

Q: Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrated the power of a. authoritarian leadership. b. democratic leadership. c. peer pressure. d. laissez-fair leadership.

Q: An individual who leads by being highly permissive is a(n) _____ leader. a. democratic b. authoritarian c. laissez-faire d. expressive

Q: An individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus is a(n) _____ leader. a. democratic b. authoritarian c. laissez-faire d. expressive

Q: An individual who leads by giving orders is a(n) _____ leader. a. democratic b. authoritarian c. laissez-faire d. expressive

Q: A(n) _____ leader increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group. a. instrumental b. inexperienced c. expressive d. diffusion-of-responsibility

Q: A(n) _____ leader keeps the group moving toward its goals. a. instrumental b. inexperienced c. expressive d. diffusion-of-responsibility

Q: Who is more likely to become a leader? a. Someone who is born to be a leader b. Someone who is tall c. Someone who is judged not to be attractive d. Someone who is short

Q: Someone who influences other people a. is a follower. b. and who holds a formal position in a group is a leader. c. is a leader. d. can only be an authoritarian leader.