Q&A Hero

Q: "Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims," Doug Meyer Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and particularly not LGBT people of color. In his study, Meyer found that queer people of color were ____________________ likely than White gay men to express uncertainty as to the cause of their violent experiences: a. less b. just as c. 10 times more d. twice as

Q: "Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims," Doug Meyer Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and particularly not LGBT people of color. According to Meyer, attempts to punish gender nonconformity could be perceived not only as attempts to enforce gender conformity but also as attempts to restrict: a. heterosexuality b. women's liberation c. homosexuality d. racism

Q: "Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims," Doug Meyer Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and particularly not LGBT people of color. Lesbian women of color often confront violence in which their perpetrators do not use _________________ insults. a. gender specific b. racial c. any d. homophobic

Q: "Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims," Doug Meyer Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and particularly not LGBT people of color. _________________ makes possible some forms of homophobic violence and _______________ makes possible some forms of racial violence, according to Meyer. a. racism/homophobia b. hate/misunderstanding c. prejudice/discrimination d. sexism/racism

Q: "Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims," Doug Meyer Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and particularly not LGBT people of color. The degree to which queer people are willing to determine that violence is based on their sexuality varies by: a. the severity of the crime b. degrees of homophobia in the community c. intersections in the race, class, gender and sexuality of the victim d. how likely the victim thinks the violence will reoccur

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer WrigginsWriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.The rape of Black women by White men during slavery was commonplace and was used as a crucial weapon of White supremacy. White men had what has been referred to as _________________ Black women.a. special doctrinal rules forb. institutionalized access toc. legal lynching accessd. statutory penalties against

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer WrigginsWriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.Based on data from national surveys of rape victims, the profile of the most frequent rape victim is:a. a young womanb. divorced or separatedc. Black and poverty strickend. all of these answers are correct

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer WrigginsWriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.The criminal justice system continues to take the rape of Black women less seriously than the rape of White women.a. trueb. falsec. true, but only when the accused rapist is Whited. true, but only when the accused rapist is Black

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer WrigginsWriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.Courts applied "special doctrinal rules" to Black defendants accused of the rape or attemptedrape of White women. The "social conditions and customs founded upon racial differences" which the jury was to consider:a. included the assumption that Black men always and only want to rape White womenb. included that a White woman would never consent to sex with a Black manc. were not applied where both persons were of colord. all of these answers are correct

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer WrigginsWriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.Many Whites accepted _______________ as an appropriate punishment for a Black man accused of raping a White woman.a. lynchingb. corporal punishmentc. imprisonmentd. steep fines

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape. Common stereotypes of Black male sexuality include: a. that Black male sexuality is wanton and bestial b. that Black men are wild c. that Black men are the criminal rapists of White women d. all of these answers are correct

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer WrigginsWriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.Between 1882 and 1946 at least 4715 persons were lynched, about _______________of whom were Black.a. 25%b. 50%c. 75%d. 95%

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer WrigginsWriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.After the Civil War, allegations of rape involving Black offenders and White victims were treated with heightened virulence. One of the ways in which this heightened virulence manifested was through _______________, which peaked near the end of the 19th century.a. special doctrinal rulesb. lynchingc. common-law barriersd. statutory penalties

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape. During the slavery period, the rape of Black women by White or Black men was: a. legal b. illegal c. subject to the death penalty d. infrequent and illegal

Q: "Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of rape in the U.S. has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape. The history of rape in the US has focused on the rape of: a. White women by White men b. Black women by White men c. Black women by Black men d. White women by Black men

Q: "The Color of Justice," Michelle Alexander Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system, finding that "rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain" the fact that "although the majority of illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino." Alexander identifies two stages in a structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of "racialized social control" that passes itself off as criminal justice. Alexander finds that despite the popular belief that _______________ is on the rise, it is actually at historically low levels and NOT responsible for the "prison boom." a. theft b. violent crime c. drug use d. drug conviction

Q: "The Color of Justice," Michelle Alexander Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system, finding that "rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain" the fact that "although the majority of illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino." Alexander identifies two stages in a structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of "racialized social control" that passes itself off as criminal justice. What is responsible for the "prison boom" according to Alexander? a. convictions for violent crime b. convictions for theft c. convictions for drug offences d. convictions for failure to pay child support

Q: "The Color of Justice," Michelle Alexander Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system, finding that "rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain" the fact that "although the majority of illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino." Alexander identifies two stages in a structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of "racialized social control" that passes itself off as criminal justice. According to Alexander, patterns of drug crime do not explain: a. why people use drugs. b. why some groups use more drugs than others. c. drug addiction. d. glaring racial disparities in the criminal justice system.

Q: "The Color of Justice," Michelle Alexander Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system, finding that "rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain" the fact that "although the majority of illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino." Alexander identifies two stages in a structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of "racialized social control" that passes itself off as criminal justice. _________________ students use crack cocaine at eight times the rate of _____________ students, a. Black/White b. Latino/White c. White/Black d. Black/Latino

Q: "The Color of Justice," Michelle Alexander Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system, finding that "rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain" the fact that "although the majority of illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino." Alexander identifies two stages in a structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of "racialized social control" that passes itself off as criminal justice. The majority of people in prison for drug offenses are: a. Black and Latino b. White c. Asian d. women

Q: "The Color of Justice," Michelle Alexander Michelle Alexander examines the racial disparities in our criminal justice system, finding that "rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain" the fact that "although the majority of illegal drug users and dealers nationwide are White, three-fourths of all people imprisoned for drug offenses are Black or Latino." Alexander identifies two stages in a structural process that results in the unjust disparities she finds in the system of "racialized social control" that passes itself off as criminal justice. The majority of drug users and dealers nationwide are: a. in prison b. Black c. Latino d. White

Q: "Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African American Youths," Rod K. Brunson and Jody Miller Brunson and Miller turn their focus to the experiences of young Black women in the inner city, as opposed to the focus usually placed on young Black men. In general, young women face more criminal justice contacts for minor infractions compared to young men, but also punitive treatment than young White women experience. Research shows that urban communities with poverty and racial segregation are more often the target of police misconduct, aggressive strategies, and under-responsive policing, which builds a sense of resentment and cynicism to the legal system. Brunson and Miller surveyed and interviewed a total of 35 young African American women and 40 young African American men with regard to their experience with law enforcement. Males overall reported more harassment when not participating in any delinquent behavior, while women were more often stopped and questioned for minor curfew infractions. Physical violence was more prevalent with young men than young women. What was the most common complaint about the experience young Black women had with the police? a. being stopped for curfew violations b. antagonistic language c. invasive physical searches d. excessive force

Q: "Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African American Youths," Rod K. Brunson and Jody Miller Brunson and Miller turn their focus to the experiences of young Black women in the inner city, as opposed to the focus usually placed on young Black men. In general, young women face more criminal justice contacts for minor infractions compared to young men, but also punitive treatment than young White women experience. Research shows that urban communities with poverty and racial segregation are more often the target of police misconduct, aggressive strategies, and under-responsive policing, which builds a sense of resentment and cynicism to the legal system. Brunson and Miller surveyed and interviewed a total of 35 young African American women and 40 young African American men with regard to their experience with law enforcement. Males overall reported more harassment when not participating in any delinquent behavior, while women were more often stopped and questioned for minor curfew infractions. Physical violence was more prevalent with young men than young women. Which of the following groups are theorized to have the least favorable opinion of police officers? a. adolescent White males b. adolescent Black males c. adult White males d. adult Black males

Q: "Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African American Youths," Rod K. Brunson and Jody Miller Brunson and Miller turn their focus to the experiences of young Black women in the inner city, as opposed to the focus usually placed on young Black men. In general, young women face more criminal justice contacts for minor infractions compared to young men, but also punitive treatment than young White women experience. Research shows that urban communities with poverty and racial segregation are more often the target of police misconduct, aggressive strategies, and under-responsive policing, which builds a sense of resentment and cynicism to the legal system. Brunson and Miller surveyed and interviewed a total of 35 young African American women and 40 young African American men with regard to their experience with law enforcement. Males overall reported more harassment when not participating in any delinquent behavior, while women were more often stopped and questioned for minor curfew infractions. Physical violence was more prevalent with young men than young women. Areas with high levels of poverty and minority racial segregation are subject to all but which of the following policing strategies: a. police misconduct b. technological surveillance c. drug and gang suppression efforts d. under-responsive policing

Q: "Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African American Youths," Rod K. Brunson and Jody Miller Brunson and Miller turn their focus to the experiences of young Black women in the inner city, as opposed to the focus usually placed on young Black men. In general, young women face more criminal justice contacts for minor infractions compared to young men, but also punitive treatment than young White women experience. Research shows that urban communities with poverty and racial segregation are more often the target of police misconduct, aggressive strategies, and under-responsive policing, which builds a sense of resentment and cynicism to the legal system. Brunson and Miller surveyed and interviewed a total of 35 young African American women and 40 young African American men with regard to their experience with law enforcement. Males overall reported more harassment when not participating in any delinquent behavior, while women were more often stopped and questioned for minor curfew infractions. Physical violence was more prevalent with young men than young women. According to Brunson and Miller, young Black women are often mistreated by police as a. minor offenders b. victims c. minor offenders and victims d. none of these choices are correct

Q: "There's No Business Like the Nail Business," Miliann Kang Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce their femininity as part of an overall "commercialization of intimate life" that appeal to emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry. The willingness of customers to regularly invest in nail and beauty services is highest in a. Large urban areas b. Rural areas c. Suburban areas d. There is no difference by area

Q: "There's No Business Like the Nail Business," Miliann Kang Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce their femininity as part of an overall "commercialization of intimate life" that appeal to emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry. In general, ________ cater to a more racially and ethnically diverse clientele, while _______ often focus on a single race or ethnicity a. Hair salons, nail salons b. Day spas, nail salons c. Nail salons, hair salons d. Hair salons, day spas

Q: "There's No Business Like the Nail Business," Miliann Kang Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce their femininity as part of an overall "commercialization of intimate life" that appeal to emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry. According to findings in 2004, the nail salon revenue in the United States was about a. $80 Million b. $183 Million c. $679 Million d. $6 Billion

Q: "There's No Business Like the Nail Business," Miliann Kang Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce their femininity as part of an overall "commercialization of intimate life" that appeal to emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry. By assigning market values to the human body, new forms of work are created and named _______ by Kang a. body labor b. market work c. intimate work d. none of these choices are correct

Q: "There's No Business Like the Nail Business," Miliann Kang Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce their femininity as part of an overall "commercialization of intimate life" that appeal to emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry. Hochschild describes the reason more women pay for manicures rather than doing it themselves as an example of the "__________ of intimate life". a. expansion b. publicization c. disregard d. commercialization

Q: "There's No Business Like the Nail Business," Miliann Kang Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce their femininity as part of an overall "commercialization of intimate life" that appeal to emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry. Representation of Asian success in the American beauty industry reinforces what stereotype? a. forever foreigner b. model minority c. hated minority d. none of these choices are correct

Q: "There's No Business Like the Nail Business," Miliann Kang Kang takes a double pronged approach to her article, examining both why the beauty industry, specifically related to manicures and pedicures, has shifted from something done within the home to something performed professionally. She also examines the prevalence of Korean women within this industry. Kang claims the expansion of the industry is the factor of these two events coming together: women looking to reinforce their femininity as part of an overall "commercialization of intimate life" that appeal to emotions and bodies in a form of escapism. With the increase of immigrants, largely female and Asian, who perform the work, the prices are kept low enough and the availability of services have done nothing but increase the popularity of this industry. Kang's study examines the significant number of ________ involved in the American beauty industry? a. Korean women b. Japanese women c. Korean men d. Taiwanese women

Q: "Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue, and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the "variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved. Balasubramania claims that many White male food activists situate the current state of American food consumption in a _____________ paradigm. a. anti-racist b. pro-globalization c. patriarchal d. broadly diverse and inclusive

Q: "Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue, and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the "variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved. Balasubramania charges that the voices of people of color, like ______________ who do brilliant food justice work in their communities are seldom heard. a. Bryant Terry and Winona La Duke b. Joel Salatin and Alice Waters c. Eric Schlosser and Peter Singer d. Alice Waters and Michael Pollan

Q: "Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue, and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the "variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved. The face of farming is changing and _______________ will continue to grow in number as stewards of sustainable agriculture. a. White male small-scale farmers b. Latinos c. agribusinesses d. women and people of color

Q: "Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue, and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the "variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved. We should not be too hasty to reject globalization, according to Balasubramania, because: a. the U.S. make a lot of money from foreign trade b. people in other countries depend on our purchase of their food c. return to local consumption is impossible d. agribusiness in the U.S. will fail without it.

Q: "Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue, and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the "variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved. According to Balasubramanian, food reform requires: a. a return to the family farm b. White men to be more involved c. a diversity of voices d. that we stop buying foreign produce

Q: "Sustainable Food and Privilege: Why is Green Always White (and Male and Upper Class)" Janani Balasubramanian Food justice, Janani Balasubramanian argues, is fundamentally a race and class issue, and food activists are not speaking about it as such. The emphasis on local food economy fails to recognize the importance of United States support of agriculture in other parts of the world. Activists of color who do admirable work in their communities are often ignored by White activist writers and film makers. Thus we do not hear the "variety of voices' that needs to be heard if universal food reform is to be achieved. According to Balasubramanian, the major voices in food activism are not talking about______________ as often as they should: a. vegetarianism b. buying local c. the meat-packing industry d. race and class

Q: "The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby L. Ferber Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black culture. One concern with the role of Black men and sports is that they are a. assumed to be athletic with little consideration for other abilities b. are often still controlled and dominated by White men c. reinforces stereotypes of "animal" behavior d. all of these choices are correct

Q: "The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby L. Ferber Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black culture. White supremacy portrays ________ as a problem of a deficient Black culture a. crime b. inequality c. wealth d. equality

Q: "The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby L. Ferber Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black culture. Stereotypes of Black men and women were previously attributed to biology but now are attributed to a. Black culture b. psychology c. social conditions d. educational attainment

Q: "The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby L. Ferber Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black culture. Black men have been defined by years of White supremacy as a. inherently violent b. beast-like c. hypersexual d. all of these choices are correct

Q: "The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby L. Ferber Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black culture. Historically, White society has reduced Black men to their muscles and a. fear b. intellect c. genitals d. height

Q: "The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby L. Ferber Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black culture. Ferber's argument that celebrating ______________ helps to assure White people that racism is no longer an issue. a. Black athletes b. Black artists c. Hispanic athletes d. Black teachers

Q: "The Construction of Black Masculinity: White Supremacy Now and Then," Abby L. Ferber Ferber examines the problematic perception of Black males in a White supremacist system. She argues that perceptions today as athletic figures are informed by past slave-associated stereotypes as being physically adept but unintelligent, and having an animalistic, hypersexual nature. Previous justification of these statements was based upon incorrect biological assumptions, but is now attributed to Black culture. Ferber presents these modern stereotypes being heavily rooted in professional athletics, with their presentation as strong "bad boys", but largely under the control of White quarterbacks in football, or White coaches in other sports. These issues are also seen as a way for White populations to justify their power and control, by blaming shortcomings not as a product of institutionalized racism, but as the fault of Black culture. According to Feber, our society uses Black males as entertainment but a. treats them with fear b. treats them with respect c. holds them in contempt d. disregards them

Q: "Brown Body, White Wonderland," Tressie McMillan CottomMcMillan Cottom addresses the attention Miley Cyrus received for a "twerking" performance on the MTV Video Music Awards, but rather than focusing on the overt sexuality and cultural appropriation of her dance, she turns to the backup dancers that Cyrus used in the performance. She argues that her use of less glamorous, but exclusively Black dancers, that she is reaffirming the stereotype of the sexualized black woman as a novelty, something she herself has experienced.McMillan Cottom's biggest concern in her article regarding Miley Cyrus focused ona. ethnicity of dancersb. appearance of dancers in performancec. cultural appropriation of her dancingd. none of these choices are correct

Q: "Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity. Research on actual online practices find that most people use the internet to a. switch gender presentation b. switch racial presentation c. affirm their overall social identities d. escape their overall social identities

Q: "Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity. Lisa Nakamura's term for how people can experience the descriptors of another race or gender is a. cybertourism b. identity tourism c. identity policing d. cyberpresentation

Q: "Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity. Nouraie-Simone's studied the importance of the Internet as related to a. young Iranian women b. young Sudanese women c. middle aged Moroccan women d. young Native American women

Q: "Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity. A positive aspect of cyberfeminism is that a. it bypasses national states b. it is not as affected by local opposition c. it helps avoid mass media indifference d. all of these choices are correct

Q: "Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity. In the United States, the most significant contribution to the "digital divide" has been a. gender b. race c. age d. socioeconomic status

Q: "Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity. One reason that, across the world, women lag behind men in Internet access is due to: a. economic resources b. education c. time constraints d. lack of literacy

Q: "Rethinking Cyberfeminism(s): Race, Gender, and Embodiment," Jessie Daniels Jessie Daniels outlines the concept of cyberfeminism, a multifaceted interaction between technology and gender. Two major areas are discussed, the first being the globalization of feminism that the Internet allows, and the second is the ability to engage in "identity tourism" in an online capacity. For the first, access to the Internet may be heavily affected by the ability to access technology based upon socioeconomic status, but beyond that it is able to cross racial and ethnic lines. It also allows for a safe space for women who may be experiencing a multitude of oppression based on their gender, and the ability to interact with others they would never be able to meet otherwise. Identity tourism, on the other hand, is the ability for people on the Internet to adopt a different gender or identity overall. Research shows, however, that people are less likely to adopt a different identity when online, but instead use the resources and interactions as a way to affirm and strengthen their own "real world" identity. Cyberfeminism is a. a monolithic entity b. a wide array of theoretical and political stances c. largely unestablished d. a singular utopian vision

Q: "Gender Norms in the TwilightSeries," Rebecca Hayes-Smith Hayes-Smith examines the popular young adult book (and film) series about vampires and werewolves, pointing out some major concerns with regard to the way in which gender and race are portrayed. The main character, Bella, is portrayed as a weak, passive woman who experiences conflict with other women and is portrayed as a caretaker to her family. The male characters, Edward and Jacob, also stick to the predominant male gender traits of violence, aggression, and treating women like property; a "prize" to be won. More subtle is the portrayal of race and class: Jacob, the werewolf, is Native American, of lower socioeconomic status, and is often insulted with otherwise racialized insults. A stereotype enforced by the portrayals of vampires versus werewolves in the Twilight series is a. gender norms b. White supremacy c. educational attainment d. none of these choices are correct

Q: "Gender Norms in the TwilightSeries," Rebecca Hayes-Smith Hayes-Smith examines the popular young adult book (and film) series about vampires and werewolves, pointing out some major concerns with regard to the way in which gender and race are portrayed. The main character, Bella, is portrayed as a weak, passive woman who experiences conflict with other women and is portrayed as a caretaker to her family. The male characters, Edward and Jacob, also stick to the predominant male gender traits of violence, aggression, and treating women like property; a "prize" to be won. More subtle is the portrayal of race and class: Jacob, the werewolf, is Native American, of lower socioeconomic status, and is often insulted with otherwise racialized insults. A subtle message Rebecca Hayes-Smith takes from the Twilight series is that violence is not objectionable when people__________ a. are angry with one another b. are helping others c. are in love d. are defending their own honor

Q: "Gender Norms in the TwilightSeries," Rebecca Hayes-Smith Hayes-Smith examines the popular young adult book (and film) series about vampires and werewolves, pointing out some major concerns with regard to the way in which gender and race are portrayed. The main character, Bella, is portrayed as a weak, passive woman who experiences conflict with other women and is portrayed as a caretaker to her family. The male characters, Edward and Jacob, also stick to the predominant male gender traits of violence, aggression, and treating women like property; a "prize" to be won. More subtle is the portrayal of race and class: Jacob, the werewolf, is Native American, of lower socioeconomic status, and is often insulted with otherwise racialized insults. In the Twilight series, women are mostly portrayed as a. strong and independent b. whiny and unassertive c. radical and boundary challenging d. self-assured

Q: "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory Mantsios Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities. Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper class inflicts on society. _______________ distinctions operate in virtually every aspect of our lives, determining the nature of our work, the quality of our schooling, and the health and safety of our loved ones. a. Class b. Gender c. Race d. Work

Q: According to Gregory Mantsios, among all the industrialized nations in the world, _______________ is the most stratified. a. Canada b. Sweden c. The United States d. New Mexico

Q: "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory Mantsios Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities. Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper class inflicts on society. According to Gregory Mantsios in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," the media creates a universal middle class. This results in: a. the middle class fearing and blaming anyone who is less affluent. b. more power to address poverty in America. c. more unity in the fight against the waste of the wealthy. d. the increasing size of the middle class.

Q: "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory Mantsios Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities. Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper class inflicts on society. Gregory Mantsios argues in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," that the media represents the concerns of the wealthy. Which of the following are examples of this? a. the large amount of space devoted to business news and stock market quotes b. the large quantity of coupons included in daily newspapers c. the medias consistent focus on structural inequalities that cause social problems d. the frequent coverage of movements for social change

Q: "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory MantsiosGregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities. Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper class inflicts on society.According to Gregory Mantsios in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," blaming the poor for their situation ignores:a. the systemic nature of poverty and the economic and political policies which create an imbalance in wealth.b. the culture of povertyc. the individual characteristics responsible for poverty.d. human nature.

Q: "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory MantsiosGregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities. Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper class inflicts on society.According to Gregory Mantsios in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," the poor are portrayed in the media as:a. responsible for their economic state.b. invisible.c. undeserving of assistance.d. all of these answers are correct

Q: "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory MantsiosGregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities. Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper class inflicts on society.According to Gregory Mantsios in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," the media creates:a. the illusion of an egalitarian society.b. an accurate image of the poor, the middle class, and the wealthy.c. unity among the poor, the middle class, and the wealthy.d. a double standard.

Q: "Where's the Honor? Attitudes toward the "Fighting Sioux" Nickname and Logo," Dana M. Williams Williams provides an overview of the use of Native American stereotypes as sports mascots both at the professional and college levels. While public opinion has been turning against these images, some exceptions have been allowed (in cases in which the use was overwhelmingly supported by the tribes in question), but little has been done to study the effects of these names and logos on White students. The study centers on the University of North Dakota's Fighting Sioux, a school that has a sizeable population of the group being portrayed. Findings were consistent with previous studies that found Native American students showed less support for the imagery than their White counterparts did. While the study did not find that the Native American students felt the use of the name and logo was hostile or abusive, they were also not as supportive of its use. Which group had the greatest resistance to the thought of changing the "Fighting Sioux" nickname? a. Those who attended fewer than five sporting events b. Football and men's basketball fans c. Those who attended no sporting events d. Football fans only

Q: "Where's the Honor? Attitudes toward the "Fighting Sioux" Nickname and Logo," Dana M. Williams Williams provides an overview of the use of Native American stereotypes as sports mascots both at the professional and college levels. While public opinion has been turning against these images, some exceptions have been allowed (in cases in which the use was overwhelmingly supported by the tribes in question), but little has been done to study the effects of these names and logos on White students. The study centers on the University of North Dakota's Fighting Sioux, a school that has a sizeable population of the group being portrayed. Findings were consistent with previous studies that found Native American students showed less support for the imagery than their White counterparts did. While the study did not find that the Native American students felt the use of the name and logo was hostile or abusive, they were also not as supportive of its use. In Williams' study, which group demonstrated the greatest support for the "Fighting Sioux" nickname? a. non-native minority students b. White students c. Native American students d. no differences were found

Q: "Where's the Honor? Attitudes toward the "Fighting Sioux" Nickname and Logo," Dana M. Williams Williams provides an overview of the use of Native American stereotypes as sports mascots both at the professional and college levels. While public opinion has been turning against these images, some exceptions have been allowed (in cases in which the use was overwhelmingly supported by the tribes in question), but little has been done to study the effects of these names and logos on White students. The study centers on the University of North Dakota's Fighting Sioux, a school that has a sizeable population of the group being portrayed. Findings were consistent with previous studies that found Native American students showed less support for the imagery than their White counterparts did. While the study did not find that the Native American students felt the use of the name and logo was hostile or abusive, they were also not as supportive of its use. LaRocque's 2004 study of University of North Dakota college students found that, when presented with controversial images related to the school's Native American imagery a. Native American students showed greater hostility b. Native American students showed no distress c. White students showed increased hostility d. White students showed greater tolerance

Q: "Where's the Honor? Attitudes toward the "Fighting Sioux" Nickname and Logo," Dana M. Williams Williams provides an overview of the use of Native American stereotypes as sports mascots both at the professional and college levels. While public opinion has been turning against these images, some exceptions have been allowed (in cases in which the use was overwhelmingly supported by the tribes in question), but little has been done to study the effects of these names and logos on White students. The study centers on the University of North Dakota's Fighting Sioux, a school that has a sizeable population of the group being portrayed. Findings were consistent with previous studies that found Native American students showed less support for the imagery than their White counterparts did. While the study did not find that the Native American students felt the use of the name and logo was hostile or abusive, they were also not as supportive of its use. Well intentioned, yet historically inaccurate portrayals of Native Americans has been found to be/have a. positive for self-esteem and image b. negative for self-esteem c. has no impact at all d. not been studied

Q: "Representations of Latina/o Sexuality in Popular Culture," Deborah R. Vargas This article examines the way in which Latinos and Latinas are portrayed in popular culture, with an emphasis on how their sexuality is exaggerated or diminished as being "different" than that associated with the prevalent White culture. Latino men portrayed as "Latin lovers" has been a stereotype used for much of the past century, and actors who took on those roles found themselves unable to escape that single personality. An emphasis on hypermasculinity to the point of parody has also been used too often. Latinas, however, are often presented in a dichotomous way as either the virgin or mother, or the prostitute, with little in between. The suggestion is rather straightforward: to present Latinos and Latinas in a more realistic, diverse manner in popular culture rather than relying on old clichs. How does Deborah R. Vargas suggest policy affecting Latinos and Latinas be changed? a. by more heterogeneous representation of Latino/Latina sexualities b. by avoiding presentations of Latino/Latina sexuality altogether c. by keeping things as they are now and just allowing natural evolution d. none of these choices are correct

Q: "Representations of Latina/o Sexuality in Popular Culture," Deborah R. Vargas This article examines the way in which Latinos and Latinas are portrayed in popular culture, with an emphasis on how their sexuality is exaggerated or diminished as being "different" than that associated with the prevalent White culture. Latino men portrayed as "Latin lovers" has been a stereotype used for much of the past century, and actors who took on those roles found themselves unable to escape that single personality. An emphasis on hypermasculinity to the point of parody has also been used too often. Latinas, however, are often presented in a dichotomous way as either the virgin or mother, or the prostitute, with little in between. The suggestion is rather straightforward: to present Latinos and Latinas in a more realistic, diverse manner in popular culture rather than relying on old clichs. Latinas have been typically stereotyped by popular culture into how many categories? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

Q: "Representations of Latina/o Sexuality in Popular Culture," Deborah R. Vargas This article examines the way in which Latinos and Latinas are portrayed in popular culture, with an emphasis on how their sexuality is exaggerated or diminished as being "different" than that associated with the prevalent White culture. Latino men portrayed as "Latin lovers" has been a stereotype used for much of the past century, and actors who took on those roles found themselves unable to escape that single personality. An emphasis on hypermasculinity to the point of parody has also been used too often. Latinas, however, are often presented in a dichotomous way as either the virgin or mother, or the prostitute, with little in between. The suggestion is rather straightforward: to present Latinos and Latinas in a more realistic, diverse manner in popular culture rather than relying on old clichs. One of the most visible stages in presenting Latino hypermasculinity has been a. Hollywood films b. boxing c. soccer d. baseball

Q: "Representations of Latina/o Sexuality in Popular Culture," Deborah R. Vargas This article examines the way in which Latinos and Latinas are portrayed in popular culture, with an emphasis on how their sexuality is exaggerated or diminished as being "different" than that associated with the prevalent White culture. Latino men portrayed as "Latin lovers" has been a stereotype used for much of the past century, and actors who took on those roles found themselves unable to escape that single personality. An emphasis on hypermasculinity to the point of parody has also been used too often. Latinas, however, are often presented in a dichotomous way as either the virgin or mother, or the prostitute, with little in between. The suggestion is rather straightforward: to present Latinos and Latinas in a more realistic, diverse manner in popular culture rather than relying on old clichs. In the early part of the 20th century, the term Latin was associated with a. Latin Americans b. Italians, Spaniards, and Latin Americans c. Italians d. Caribbean populations

Q: "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality," Nirmala Erevelles and Andrea Minear Erevelles and Minear argue that while intersectionality scholars focusing on the connection between race and gender is important, that another factor; disability, should also be considered. Disability specifically as related to education is examined, focusing on the significantly higher rates that students of color are labeled and tracked into "special needs" programs. They also argue that the way in which disability is often seen as exclusively a biological, rather than social condition causes it to not receive the consideration that it should. Patricia Williams argues that acts of police violence against Black persons with other marginalized identity categories is not an isolated incident, but what she calls a. intersectional punishment b. body murder c. identity homicide d. spirit murder

Q: "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality," Nirmala Erevelles and Andrea Minear Erevelles and Minear argue that while intersectionality scholars focusing on the connection between race and gender is important, that another factor; disability, should also be considered. Disability specifically as related to education is examined, focusing on the significantly higher rates that students of color are labeled and tracked into "special needs" programs. They also argue that the way in which disability is often seen as exclusively a biological, rather than social condition causes it to not receive the consideration that it should. Both Critical Race Theorists and disability scholars work from the assumption that race and disability are a. biological conditions b. static labels c. social constructs d. none of these choices are correct

Q: "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality," Nirmala Erevelles and Andrea Minear Erevelles and Minear argue that while intersectionality scholars focusing on the connection between race and gender is important, that another factor; disability, should also be considered. Disability specifically as related to education is examined, focusing on the significantly higher rates that students of color are labeled and tracked into "special needs" programs. They also argue that the way in which disability is often seen as exclusively a biological, rather than social condition causes it to not receive the consideration that it should. Black children constitute ____ percent of total school enrolment, but ___ of those labeled "mentally retarded" a. 12%/25% b. 14%/26% c. 17%/33% d. 19%/39%

Q: "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality," Nirmala Erevelles and Andrea Minear Erevelles and Minear argue that while intersectionality scholars focusing on the connection between race and gender is important, that another factor; disability, should also be considered. Disability specifically as related to education is examined, focusing on the significantly higher rates that students of color are labeled and tracked into "special needs" programs. They also argue that the way in which disability is often seen as exclusively a biological, rather than social condition causes it to not receive the consideration that it should. In Erevelles and Minear, Crenshaw argues that social movements about single identity politics have a. ignored intra-group differences b. increased understanding of intra-group differences c. have been detrimental to the identity in question d. all of these choices are correct

Q: "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality," Nirmala Erevelles and Andrea Minear Erevelles and Minear argue that while intersectionality scholars focusing on the connection between race and gender is important, that another factor; disability, should also be considered. Disability specifically as related to education is examined, focusing on the significantly higher rates that students of color are labeled and tracked into "special needs" programs. They also argue that the way in which disability is often seen as exclusively a biological, rather than social condition causes it to not receive the consideration that it should. Erevelles and Minear argue that intersectional studies by critical race feminist scholars ignore: a. income b. education c. disability d. social standing

Q: "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality," Nirmala Erevelles and Andrea Minear Erevelles and Minear argue that while intersectionality scholars focusing on the connection between race and gender is important, that another factor; disability, should also be considered. Disability specifically as related to education is examined, focusing on the significantly higher rates that students of color are labeled and tracked into "special needs" programs. They also argue that the way in which disability is often seen as exclusively a biological, rather than social condition causes it to not receive the consideration that it should. In Angela Harris' nuance theory, she argues that Black women's oppression is: a. similar to that of White women's oppression b. an intensified version of White women's oppression c. similar to that of Black men's oppression d. less severe than Black men's oppression

Q: "How a Scholarship Girl Becomes a Soldier: The Militarization of Latina/o Youth in Chicago Public Schools," Gina Perez Gina Perez explores the complicated relationship between young Latina/o students in Chicago and the U.S. military. Perez argues that in addition to limited economic opportunities, gendered understandings of autonomy, family obligations, honor and respectability influence, how young people respond to the increasingly militarized educational context. Between the years 2001 and 2004 the Pentagon Budget for JROTC programs was expected to increase by more than: a. $110 million b. $2 million c. $50 million d. $200 thousand

Q: "How a Scholarship Girl Becomes a Soldier: The Militarization of Latina/o Youth in Chicago Public Schools," Gina Perez Gina Perez explores the complicated relationship between young Latina/o students in Chicago and the U.S. military. Perez argues that in addition to limited economic opportunities, gendered understandings of autonomy, family obligations, honor and respectability influence, how young people respond to the increasingly militarized educational context. Military involvement allegedly keeps young men out of _______________: a. early marriages b. debt c. gangs d. hospitals

Q: "How a Scholarship Girl Becomes a Soldier: The Militarization of Latina/o Youth in Chicago Public Schools," Gina Perez Gina Perez explores the complicated relationship between young Latina/o students in Chicago and the U.S. military. Perez argues that in addition to limited economic opportunities, gendered understandings of autonomy, family obligations, honor and respectability influence, how young people respond to the increasingly militarized educational context. Young Latinas are particularly vulnerable to military appeals to their sense of: a. self b. family obligation c. sexual propriety d. femininity