Q&A Hero

Q: In terms of our willingness to help another person in need, as a group becomes _____, our feeling of responsibility to help becomes _____. a. smaller; smaller b. larger; smaller c. larger; larger d. over ten people in size; more urgent

Q: In a _____, some members of a group align against others.a. coalitionb. dyadc. triadd. small group of any size

Q: Coalitions and arbitration are characteristics of a. dyads. b. triads. c. all groups. d. diffusion of responsibility.

Q: How many relationships are possible in a group of four? a. Two b. Four c. Six d. Twelve

Q: A group of three people is known as a a. dyad. b. triad. c. coalition. d. medium-sized group.

Q: A _____ is the smallest possible group. a. single person b. dyad c. triad d. group of five

Q: In a _____, everyone interacts directly with all the other members. a. small group b. coalition c. medium group d. large group

Q: _____ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups, and the ways that groups influence individuals. a. Coalitions b. Group dynamics c. A triad d. A dyad

Q: Who is caring for us in the security state? a. The clergy b. Elected officials c. Bureaucrats d. The people

Q: What is the main technological factor in the rise of the security state? a. Electricity b. The computer c. Mechanical automation d. International travel

Q: The text gives an example of Coors Brewery changing over time regarding diversity. It eventually adopted the slogan "Coors cares." But what exactly does Coorslike other corporationscare about? a. The bottom line b. Filling its upper management positions with women and minority group members c. Diversity d. The public good

Q: How big a proportion of the U.S. workforce is made up of women, minorities, and immigrants?a. One-tenthb. One-fourthc. More than halfd. Nearly three-fourths

Q: According to research by Kanter (19..77, 19..83), self-fulfilling stereotypes are part of a(n) _____ corporate culture. a. hidden b. overt c. written-down d. employee-friendly

Q: In the case of job _____, the bosses in many companies tend to groom workers who have winning characteristics similar to their own. a. satisfaction b. termination c. promotion d. demotion

Q: In a(n) _____, preconceived ideas of what someone is like actually lead to the person behaving in ways that match those ideas. a. hidden corporate culture b. open corporate culture c. self-fulfilling stereotype d. diverse workplace setting

Q: According to Weber, in a bureaucracy, assignments flow _____ and accountability flows _____. a. downward; downward b. downward; upward c. upward; downward d. upward; upward

Q: Lu-Ellen worked in an office containing 10.0 cubicles. Few had windows, and those that did looked out on a parking lot. She felt very much a cog in a machine. But after work, Lu-Ellen and three or four friends out of the 10.0 cubicles often went out for a drink together. There she let her hair down and felt more human, and she and her coworkers got to know each other as people. In this manner, Lu-Ellen was resisting a. goal displacement. b. red tape. c. alienation. d. McDonaldization.

Q: Marx used the term _____ to refer to workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor. a. powerlessness b. alienation c. goal displacement d. McDonaldization

Q: What happens when the head of a bureaucracy resigns, retires, or dies? a. The organization's mission is over. b. The organization goes through a period of turmoil followed by adaptation. c. In most cases, the bureaucracy informs neither its employees nor the public of the fact. d. The organization continues without skipping a beat.

Q: In _____, even after an organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue, it continues anyway. a. red tape b. McDonaldization c. goal displacement d. a bureaucracy

Q: The _____ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation. a. alienation b. goal displacement c. McDonaldization d. bureaucracy

Q: How many levels are there from "sociology faculty" (count this as one level) to "board" (count this as another level) in a typical university?a. Threeb. Fivec. Sevend. Eleven

Q: A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, impersonality of positions, and written-down procedures is a. a bureaucracy. b. the opposite of McDonaldization. c. an example of goal displacement. d. a meritocracy.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the findings of Stanley Milgram's research on "the small world phenomenon"? a. The findings are true beyond the shadow of a doubt. b. Subsequent research discovered that Milgram actually did not conduct the study at all, but made it up. c. The correct number of degrees of separation has since been discovered to be twelve. d. Milgram's sample and methods were flawed, but some subsequent research has come to similar conclusions.

Q: Stanley Milgram's research led to the phrase "_____ degrees of separation." a. two b. three c. six d. fifteen

Q: Within a larger group, a(n) _____ is a cluster of people who choose to interact with one another. a. clique b. out-group c. reference group d. category

Q: Which of the following might be likened to a spider's web? a. Reference group b. Social network c. Aggregation d. Out-group

Q: A(n) _____ has standards that we refer to as we evaluate ourselves. a. in-group b. out-group c. reference group d. aggregate

Q: In Guantanamo, prisoners made up the a. in-group. b. out-group. c. reference group. d. inner circle.

Q: A group towards which one feels loyalty is known as a(n) a. in-group. b. out-group. c. reference group. d. aggregate.

Q: The tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite is known as a. six degrees of separation. b. voluntary association. c. the iron law of oligarchy. d. soft power.

Q: Many voluntary associations are controlled by a. an inner circle. b. an outer circle. c. people outside of the organization. d. hereditary posts.

Q: When you drive into a small American town, you are likely to see a sign that identifies some of the town's _____, such as the Lions, Elks, Eagles, or Knights of Columbus. a. inner circle b. voluntary associations c. primary groups d. categories

Q: Jeff is a financial advisor. He belongs to two different organizations for financial advisors, and he likes to go to their annual meetings. The financial organizations that Jeff belongs to are examples of a. secondary groups. b. inner circles. c. primary groups. d. aggregates.

Q: Secondary groups differ from primary groups in that secondary groups are a. not as important. b. rare in contemporary society. c. extremely informal. d. larger and more anonymous.

Q: In what is known as a _____, people experience intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation. a. secondary group b. category c. primary group d. tertiary group

Q: An example of a category is a. drivers waiting at a red light. b. a family. c. college women who are over six feet tall. d. the American Sociological Association.

Q: Which of the following might be termed "simply a statistic"? a. Group b. Aggregate c. Voluntary association d. Category

Q: A(n) _____ is made of people who temporarily share the same physical space, but do not see themselves as belonging together. a. group b. aggregate c. primary group d. category

Q: _____ are people who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another. a. Categories b. Groups c. Primary categories d. Aggregates

Q: What do the German terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft mean? In which directiontoward which of the twois society changing?

Q: For the social institution of religion, name some of the basic needs addressed and some norms of the institution.

Q: Distinguish the term social status from the term prestige.

Q: At a vaginal examination, male doctors _____ social reality in order to define the examination as _____.a. deny; sexualb. ignore; nonsexualc. dismiss; normald. construct; nonsexual

Q: . The social construction of reality theory states that through our _____, we construct what for us is reality. a. ethnomethodology b. interaction with others c. classroom experience d. introspection

Q: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." This statement was made by sociologist(s) a. Emile Durkheim. b. W. I. and Dorothy S. Thomas. c. Mark Snyder. d. Erving Goffman.

Q: Ethnomethodologists explore _____ assumptions about how the world operates that underlie our behavior. a. background b. written c. legal d. foreground

Q: Sign-vehicles include a. the appearance of others. b. written scripts. c. role conflict. d. our manner.

Q: Role strain is a. conflict between roles. b. conflict within a role. c. compatibility between roles. d. a vain attempt to find a role.

Q: According to Goffman's scheme, we have _____ where we can have some privacy and let our hair down. a. front stages b. bleachers c. back stages d. precast dramas

Q: _____ refers to our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us. a. Dramaturgy b. Back stage c. Impression management d. Center stage

Q: Erving Goffman used the term _____ to mean that social life is like a drama or a stage play. a. proscenium b. dramaturgy c. movie d. rehearsal

Q: Clerks in stores smiling at customers are a. a sign that the clerks are attracted to the customers. b. accepted in all cultures. c. universally encouraged. d. not accepted in all cultures.

Q: To interpret _____, we consider facial expressions, posture, and gestures. a. the extent of intimate distance b. body language c. stereotypes d. macrosociology

Q: One of the distance zones that Hall found North Americans use is _____ distance.a. tribalb. stereotypicalc. sociald. aggressive

Q: Who surrounds themselves with a personal bubble (personal space)? a. No one b. Children only c. Adults up to middle age d. Everyone

Q: In a self-fulfilling stereotype a. the behaviors of the person match our expectations from the get-go. b. the underlying truth of stereotypes is confirmed. c. the behaviors of the person change to match our expectations. d. many factors can play a role, but attractiveness is not one of them.

Q: Our assumptions about what people are like are known as a. educated guesses. b. stereotypes. c. roles. d. status set.

Q: _____ is (are) the primary focus of microsociologists. a. Hidden meanings and innuendo b. The broader features of society c. Face-to-face interaction d. The demise of society as we know it

Q: The Old Order Amish of the United States exemplify a(n) _____ community. a. Gesellschaft b. Gemeinschaft c. modern d. mainstream

Q: The term organic solidarity is based on the way that different members of society a. intermarry. b. need each other. c. share the same status level. d. exploit each other.

Q: One person catches a fish, a second person drives the fish to market, and a third person sells the fish. This is an example of a. common sense. b. division of labor. c. basic capitalism. d. mechanical solidarity.

Q: For Durkheim, _____ referred to the way that people who perform similar tasks develop a shared way of viewing life. a. mechanical solidarity b. impromptu solidarity c. organic solidarity d. social class

Q: Emile Durkheim was interested in how societies united their members by shared values and other social bonds to produce a. social dissolution. b. aggregation. c. dissonance. d. social integration.

Q: Which of the following is one of the five functional requisites that functionalists believe a society must meet in order to survive?a. Replacing membersb. Yielding the needs of the group in favor of self-interestc. Promoting creative chaosd. Socializing politicians

Q: Who believes that social institutions were originally designed to meet basic survival needs? a. Conflict theorists b. Order theorists c. Both conflict and order theorists d. The status set

Q: The social institution of _____ would include groups or organizations such as the police, courts, and prisons. a. religion b. the law c. the economy d. politics

Q: Priest, minister, rabbi, and imam are examples of statuses associated with the social institution of a. religion. b. the law. c. the family. d. medicine.

Q: "Maximize profits" and "the customer is always right" are examples of norms associated with which social institution? a. Medicine b. Economy c. Family d. Politics

Q: A basic need addressed by _____ is to regulate reproduction. a. medicine b. the family c. the economy d. education

Q: Daughter, son, father, and mother are examples of statuses associated with which social institution? a. The family b. Medicine c. Religion d. The economy

Q: _____ refer(s) to the standard or usual ways that a society meets its basic needs. a. Religion b. Social institutions c. Status d. Social class

Q: Marion belonged to a group that got together once a month in group members' houses to converse in Russian, which they had all learned in school. The Russian enthusiasts were an example of a group that wielded influence over a. vast segments of one's behavior. b. the need to conform with group norms over many aspects of life. c. small segments of one's behavior. d. social class.

Q: When we belong to a group, who has the right to judge our behavior? a. No one b. Only a court of law c. No one but ourselves d. The group

Q: _____ lay(s) out what is expected of people.a. Rolesb. Sociologyc. Partsd. Master status

Q: A 9.0-year-old college student exemplifies a. status shock. b. prestige. c. status inconsistency. d. role.

Q: Aletha had an accident in which she fell into hot cooking grease. Despite many operations and treatments, her face, neck, and hands were forever altered. Regardless of her accomplishments or occupation, Aletha's disfigurement was viewed by many others as her a. ascribed status. b. master status. c. status symbol. d. status set.

Q: A backward collar is a(n) _____ for a priest. a. negative status symbol b. standard in all cultures c. status symbol d. ascribed status

Q: Ex-spouse, school dropout, and debarred lawyer are examples of a. ascribed status. b. social classes. c. lack of status. d. achieved status.

Q: A(n) _____ status is involuntary. a. achieved b. ascribed c. earned d. marital