Q&A Hero

Q: Neuroimaging research has indicated that students with dyslexia have differences in the brain structure or functioning in the A) cerebral cortex B) corpus callosum C) frontal lobe D) left temporal lobe

Q: Which of the following service options for students with learning disabilities is the most restrictive? A) consultation B) general education classroom C) resource room D) separate classroom

Q: Which of the following is not a typical responsibility of a resource teacher? A) assisting general educators with program planning B) teaching social skills to students with learning disabilities C) teaching learning strategies to students with learning disabilities D) writing lesson plans for general educators who teach students with learning disabilities

Q: On average, how many students does a resource teacher serve? A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40

Q: Studies on educational placement and its effect on the self-concept of students with learning disabilities concluded that A) placement did not have a major influence on self-concept B) placement in resource rooms generally enhanced self-concept. C) placement in inclusive classrooms generally enhanced self-concept D) placement in segregated classrooms had a negative effect on self-concept

Q: Special educators can help students with learning disabilities succeed in general education classes by A) providing assistance with homework B) providing assistance with assessments C) teaching them basic skills in the resource room D) teaching them behaviors that general educators value

Q: Mr. Romano teaches his students to think of the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the five great lakes. What type of mnemonic device is this? A) a cryptic strategy B) a keyword method C) a letter strategy D) a pegword method

Q: Mrs. Cooper prepares handouts for her students with learning disabilities to help them understand her lecture. The handouts contain an outline of lecture content and include spaces for writing key facts, concepts, or relationships. This is an example of A) a graphic organizer B) guided notes C) prescribed notes D) strategic note taking

Q: Which of the following is not true of content enhancement? A) It may involve teaching mnemonics. B) It includes a wide array of teaching techniques C) It may increase the complexity of the curriculum. D) It requires the teacher to simultaneously teach content and how to learn the content.

Q: Mr. Carson is a middle school science teacher in an inclusive classroom. He wants all of his students to be successful, so he plans and sequences instruction to show the commonalities and differences between old and new knowledge. Which principle of effective instructional design does this exemplify? A) big ideas B) conspicuous strategies C) primed background knowledge D) strategic integration

Q: Which of the following is a criterion-referenced test commonly used by special educators? A) Brigance Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills B) Iowa Tests of Basic Skills C) Peabody Individual Achievement Test D) Stanford Diagnostic Mathematics Test

Q: Criterion-referenced tests are most useful for A) diagnosing a learning disability B) determining what skills a student has learned C) measuring small changes in achievement over time D) Comparing a student's achievement with that of peers of the same age

Q: One of the major concerns about using RTI to identify those in need of special education is that A) culturally diverse students are overlooked B) professionals are resistant to this approach C) it takes longer to identify students who need services D) interventions are not implemented with fidelity in many classrooms

Q: Larry scored below basic level on a statewide achievement test; however, his teacher has evidence that he has made small incremental improvements in both reading fluency and comprehension this year. Which type of assessment is likely to provide this evidence? A) criterion-referenced assessment B) curriculum-based measurement C) norm-referenced assessment D) summative assessment

Q: An environmental agent suspected as a cause of learning disabilities is A) poverty B) food allergies C) heredity D) vitamin deficiency

Q: Which of the four suspected causes of learning disabilities is the least credible today? A) heredity B) environmental agents C) biochemical imbalance D) brain damage or dysfunction

Q: What percentage of school-aged students with disabilities have learning disabilities? A) 4.4% B) 23.2% C) 42.3 % D) 62.5%

Q: What is the defining characteristic of students with learning disabilities? A) severe reading problems B) poor memory and attention C) difficulty understanding and using language D) specific and significant achievement deficits in spite of adequate intelligence

Q: Current research on behavior problems and students with learning disabilities indicates that A) they engage in more risk-taking behaviors B) they are immature and over dependent on adults C) their negative behaviors are caused by hyperactivity D) their negative behaviors are caused by academic deficits

Q: Which of the following is NOT identified, by the author of your textbook , as likely to improve the math performance of students with learning disabilities? A) discovery learning B) fluency training C) guided practice D) systematic instruction

Q: Which of the following statements about math skills and students with learning disabilities is NOT accurate? A) Math skills plateau by the age of 10 or 12. B) Students with learning disabilities are fluent in recalling number facts. C) Students with learning disabilities have difficulty solving story problems. D) Their math skills typically improve by 1 year for every 2 years in school.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true regarding students with learning disabilities and written language? A) Some of their difficulties are due to confusion about spelling. B) Their written language deficits reflect their weak language base. C) They spend a large amount of time planning their writing. D) They tend to rewrite compositions several times.

Q: Mrs. Fonzi just attended a workshop on explicit instruction. She is trying to make her lessons more explicit. Her lesson focuses on rhyming words. What would be the first step in making the lesson more explicit? A) providing guided practice using words that rhyme and don"t rhyme B) providing independent practice activities that focus on rhyming words C) modeling examples of rhyming words and explaining why they rhyme D) reading The Cat in the Hat and asking students to identify rhyming words

Q: Which of the following statements about explicit instruction is not accurate? A) It shortens learning time. B) It is most effective in teaching students to read. C) It is fundamental for students acquiring math skills. D) It makes the student responsible for learning throughout the process.

Q: Children who are unsuccessful with interventions that work for other struggling readers have difficulty with both A) decoding and word recall B) decoding and reading comprehension C) phonological awareness and visual naming speed D) phonological awareness and auditory processing speed

Q: Mrs. O"Cain asks Travis to identify the middle sound in the word hit. Which phonemic awareness skill does this task involve? A) isolating sounds B) manipulating sounds C) orally blending sounds D) segmenting a word into sounds

Q: Carter is having difficulty learning to read. Although he is in third grade, his teacher says that he does not seem to have a conscious understanding that language is made up of sounds. Carter has a deficit in A) attention B) phonological awareness C) reading comprehension D) word recall

Q: All of the following are basic psychological processes except A) behavior B) listening C) speaking D) thinking

Q: Most students with learning disabilities have problems with A) attention B) hyperactivity C) reading D) written language

Q: Which of the following terms is considered obsolete by the NJCLD? A) dyslexia B) dysgraphia C) learned helplessness D) perceptual impairments

Q: The NJCLD definition of learning disabilities is different from the IDEA definition in that A) it pertains to school-age children only B) social difficulties are recognized as a learning disability C) a specific formula for calculating a discrepancy score is provided D) central nervous system dysfunction is presumed to the cause of learning disabilities

Q: One advantage of the response to intervention approach to identifying students with learning disabilities is A) it is simpler to use B) it is less time-consuming C) it is preferred by teachers and parents D) it results in early identification and prevention

Q: What is a drawback to using a discrepancy approach to identifying children with learning disabilities? A) It is a subjective approach. B) It is a wait and fail approach. C) Test scores don"t represent actual performance. D) Too few students are being identified as learning disabled.

Q: The most common way to identify a severe discrepancy between expected and actual achievement is A) interviewing parents B) observing the student in various classes and comparing performance C) comparing student scores on IQ tests with scores on an achievement test D) comparing student scores on reading and math tests with those of peers in the same grade

Q: Which of the following students would not qualify as learning disabled according to the federal definition? A) Ashley, a student with dyslexia B) Blake, a student with cerebral palsy C) Carmen, a student with perceptual problems D) Damien, a student with developmental aphasia

Q: In what year was the category of learning disabilities first included in IDEA? A) 1963 B) 1975 C) 1980 D) 1990

Q: How Mrs. Morales spends time each day teaching her first grade students how letters and combinations of letters represent small segments of speech called phonemes is known as A) fluency B) segmentation C) phonemic awareness D) the alphabetic principle

Q: TRUE/FALSE IQ tests are given by the school psychologist or other trained professional.

Q: TRUE/FALSE A student with an IQ score higher than 70 cannot be classified as intellectually disabled.

Q: TRUE/FALSE An intellectual disability is a permanent condition.

Q: TRUE/FALSE Educational outcomes for students with intellectual disabilities have improved greatly.

Q: What are the four levels of intensity of needed supports for individuals with ID, and how do they relate to the range of ID from mild to severe?

Q: Define generalization and maintenance.

Q: List four of the five characteristics of effective feedback.

Q: Name the two broad categories of instructional feedback.

Q: What are two potential mistakes that teachers may make if they fail to directly and frequently measure student performance?

Q: Define transfer of stimulus control and explain the process.

Q: What term describes a discussion between a specially trained medical counselor and prospective parents about the possibility that they may give birth to a child with disabilities? Explain the population of parents to which this tool is directed.

Q: What is the cause of mild ID presumed to be when there is no biological factor evident? What is the term or explanation for this environmental factor?

Q: The etiological factors of ID are categorized by the AAIDD as prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal. What do each of these terms mean?

Q: Define task analysis to include an explanation of the process.

Q: Whichof the following strategies is least likely to promote successful inclusion for students with intellectual disabilities? A) peer tutoring B) common recess time C) collaborative learning D) direct training in social skills

Q: An instructional strategy that incorporates students' familiarity with technology to teach needed skills in a variety of settings is A) digital dramas B) Wii simulations C) cell phone prompting D) iPod video modeling

Q: During the practice stage of learning, feedback for students with intellectual disabilities should A) be given after every response B) be given after every correct response C) emphasize the correct rate of skill performance D) emphasize the effort that the student displayed during performance

Q: Which of the following students would be identified as having difficulty with generalization of learning? A) Billy can tie his sneakers but not his dress shoes. B) Keelee can add three-digit numbers but she can"t subtract them. C) Jacob has learned how to read music but he refuses to help his brother learn it. D) Melvin has learned to write his name in cursive at school, so he wants to write it at home and at church.

Q: Breaking down complex skills into smaller subskills or steps to make learning easier is known as A) task analysis B) applied learning C) direct instruction D) programmed instruction

Q: Which of the following students would not need training in recruiting teacher attention? A) a student who rarely asks questions B) a student who rushes through the task before the teacher finishes explaining C) a student who asks appropriate subject-oriented questions D) a student who displays a disruptive manner

Q: Which of the following statements about self-determination is least accurate? A) Self-determination is a lofty goal. B) Self-determination requires a complex set of skills. C) Self-determination cannot be taught to students in elementary school. D) Self-determination is both a goal and a means for achieving other goals.

Q: Which question is critical for teachers in determining which skills to include in a functional curriculum? A) Will it be needed when the student is 21? B) Will learning this knowledge/skill be frustrating? C) Will this skill make the student more acceptable to peers without disabilities? D) Will learning the skill result in negative consequences?

Q: Which of the following statements about functional academic skills is true? A) They are standardized. B) They are easy to identify. C) They are the skills that are the easiest to learn. D) They are the skills that are most useful parts of the subject.

Q: Who was the first person to develop methods for educating people with intellectual disabilities? A) Edgar Doll B) Jean Itard C) Bengt Nirje D) Lewis Terman

Q: Which of the following causes of intellectual disabilities can be combated with education and training? A) poverty B) child neglect C) lead poisoning D) spina bifida

Q: A new test for genetic abnormalities that can be done as early as 5 weeks into the pregnancy is done by A) performing an ultrasound B) examining maternal serum C) removing chorionic tissue D) detecting fetal DNA and RNA in the mother's bloodstream

Q: Which of the following is a maternal screening test that can identify pregnancies at risk for a congenital disability? A) amniocentesis B) maternal serum (AFP) alpha-fetoprotein C) chorionic villi sampling D) tandem mass spectrometry

Q: All of the following are environmental causes of intellectual disabilities except A) poverty B) child abuse C) diseases or syndromes D) chronic sensory deprivation

Q: Marvin is a second grade student with a moderate intellectual disability. His teachers claim that his gnome costume for Halloween was perfect for him. They say that he is always happy and that he never meets a stranger. Recently his teacher had to stop him from leaving the classroom with a man who had come to fix the computer. Marvin displays characteristics of a person with A) PKU B) fragile X syndrome C) Prader-Willi syndrome D) Williams syndrome

Q: The two most common genetic causes of intellectual disabilities are A) Down syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder B) Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome C) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and Tay-Sachs disease D) Prader-Willi syndrome and PKU

Q: The difference in the prevalence rates of intellectual disabilities is largely due to A) differences in poverty rates B) differences in parental education C) differences in availability of services D) differences in criteria used for identification

Q: During the 2009"2010 school-year, what percentage of school-aged children received special education services under the disability category of intellectual disabilities? A) 3.2% B) 7.8% C) 10.1% D) 12.4%

Q: Which of the following statements about challenging behaviors and students with intellectual disabilities is true? A) The challenging behaviors displayed are usually caused by mental illness. B) Students with mild intellectual disabilities rarely display challenging behaviors. C) Students with severe intellectual disabilities generally exhibit fewer challenging behaviors. D) Students with severe intellectual disabilities generally display more challenging behaviors.

Q: Social deficits displayed by students with intellectual disabilities include all of the following except A) inability to recall names B) poor communication skills C) inability to recognize emotional states of others D) unusual or inappropriate behavior during social interactions

Q: Which of the following is the best example of self-determination? A) Frances refuses to take a consumer math class because she hates math. B) Gina asks to ride the bus to town with her cousin so she can learn to use public transportation. C) Holly decides to leave school during lunch period to celebrate a friend's birthday at a restaurant. D) Janelle decides to ride to school with her mother because her mother says the students on the bus are too wild

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of learned helplessness and outer-directedness? A) They may be caused by frequent failure. B) They are often seen as a lack of motivation. C) They often result from dependency on other people. D) They are an inherent characteristic of intellectual disabilities.

Q: Carlos is a student with an intellectual disability. Mrs. Busby, his teacher, just saw him copying from Jasmine's paper rather than attempt a writing assignment on his own. How can she help Carlos be more independent? A) She should punish Carlos for cheating. B) She should give Carlos a lower grade for copying. C) She should allow Carlos to choose a topic to write about. D) She should assign each student a different topic so that copying would be useless.

Q: Which of the following exemplifies learned helplessness? A) Ayden listens to the teacher as she gives directions. B) Brenda asks for help when she does not understand how to solve a math problem. C) Colleen counts on her fingers to multiply 4 9 because she does not know the answer. D) Darla has studied for a spelling test but she refuses to write any of the words the teacher dictates.

Q: Which of the following statements about attention and students with intellectual disabilities is most accurate? A) They have a great capacity for sustained attention. B) They are slower to attend to relevant features of a task. C) They are more likely to focus on complex tasks rather than simple ones. D) They have extreme difficulty coming to attention but can focus once a stimulus grabs their attention.

Q: Tony is a typically developing student in preschool. He learned to discriminate between a circle and a triangle in 3 trials. His classmate, Jay, has an intellectual disability. How many trials might Jay require to perform the same task? A) 3 B) 10 C) 30 D) 50

Q: Early researchers suggested that students with intellectual disabilities have ability similar to people without disabilities in A) long-term memory retention B) metacognition C) short-term memory D) working memory

Q: Many students with mild intellectual disabilities are not identified until A) shortly after birth B) middle school C) second or third grade D) high school when curriculum becomes content oriented

Q: Which of the following adaptive behavior assessments includes questions about adaptive and maladaptive behaviors? A) ABS II B) ABS"S2 C) DABS D) Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales