Special Education

Q: Carol is having difficulty with subtraction problems. Over a five day period, out of 20 problems, she has gotten the following number of examples correct: M - 9; T - 11; W - 6; Th - 9; F - 8. Draw a line graph that accurately presents the preceding data.

Q: Discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between environmental events or stimuli.

Q: Which of the following is missing from the following graph?a. student identificationb. ordinate labelc. data pathsd. abscissa

Q: Stimulus control is the term used by applied behavior analysts to describe bringing behavior under control of time, place, and circumstances.

Q: Based on the graph, what type of data collection system was employed?a. event recordingb. interval recordingc. time samplingd. duration

Q: Shaping is used to teach behaviors not currently in students' repertoires.

Q: John has been learning to write his name. During each presentation the teacher has him write each letter in his name once. Which of the following would his teacher use to report his data?a. number of itemsb. percentage of itemsc. rate of itemsd. none of the above

Q: Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Q: Event recording can be reported as all of the following except: a. percentage b. rate c. percent of intervals d. number

Q: Define and discuss response-cost procedures. What are the problems associated with this procedure?

Q: A continuity break could be present on a graph for any of the following except: a. student was sick b. winter break c. student was not responding well during the instructional session d. teacher had a meeting

Q: Define noncontingent reinforcement and list the disadvantages of this behavior reduction strategy.

Q: Which of the following components would be represented on the abscissa? a. number of sessions b. number of inappropriate behaviors c. percentage of call outs d. none of the above

Q: List and explain four of the problems associated with extinction.

Q: Which of the following provides an illustration of a rapid rate of responding using a cumulative graph?a. A onlyb. B onlyc. C onlyd. A and C

Q: Define restitutional overcorrection and give an example.

Q: A vertical dashed line is used to: a. connect data points b. separate conditions c. draw the axes d. all of the above

Q: Define positive practice overcorrection and give an example.

Q: Interval and time sampling data may be reported as: a. number and rate b. percent and number c. only rate d. only percent

Q: During basketball practice, Coach Reeves' team continually forgot his directive to pass the ball at center court. For 1minutes, the coach had is players practice passing the ball at center court. The educational procedure Coach Reeves used is called:a. Negative practice overcorrectionb. A conditioned aversive stimulusc. Restitutional overcorrectiond. Positive-practice overcorrection

Q: A scale break indicates: a. that 50% of the data points are above a certain number. b. that data points fall at zero. c. that the ordinate scale is not continuous. d. that the ordinate scale is continuous.

Q: Mr. Hughes was stopped by the police for emptying his ashtray on roadway as he was driving at 35 m.p.h. The judge sentenced Mr. Hughes to an entire weekend of picking up trash on the side of the road. This is an example of:a. A conditioned aversive stimulusb. Positive-practice overcorrectionc. Restitutional overcorrectiond. Response-cost

Q: Which of the following would be found on the ordinate? a. number of behaviors b. rate of behaviors c. percentage of behaviors d. all of the above

Q: The time-out procedure in which the student is not removed from the instructional setting and instead, the teacher temporarily manipulates the environment to deny a student access to reinforcers is known as:a. Exclusionary time-outb. Seclusionary time-outc. Nonseclusionary time-outd. Nonexclusionary time-out

Q: When data are converted to the seconds/minutes/hours for which a behavior occurred, the type of recording used to collect the data was: a. latency recording b. time sampling c. interval recording d. duration recording

Q: What is most often used in the classroom to decrease behaviors that are being maintained by teacher attention?a. Positive reinforcementb. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviorsc. Noncontingent reinforcementd. Extinction

Q: When you graph the number of occurrences of a behavior in a given session after adding it to the number of occurrences of a prior session you are employing a: a. cumulative graph b. bar graph c. line graph d. histogram

Q: What schedule of reinforcement should be used when initially using DRA with a new behavior?a. Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)b. Fixed interval: 2 (FI: 2)c. Variable ratio: 1 (VR: 1)d. Fixed ratio: 2 (FR: 2)

Q: When constructing a graph, behavior is plotted along the: a. x axis b. horizontal axis c. vertical axis d. abscissa

Q: Reinforcing on-task behavior to decrease off-task behavior is an example of: a. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior b. Noncontingent Reinforcement c. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors d. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors

Q: When reporting percent on the ordinate scale:a. the scale always goes from 0 to 100%b. the scale ranges from 0 to the highest percent obtainedc. there is no scale ruled. it's better to convert the ordinate to number

Q: On average, students in science Group A ask for assistance 8"12 times per 20-minute period. The teacher wants to decrease this behavior. She tells the group that if they are able to complete their 20-minute lab assignment with no more than three requests for assistance, they will receive 5 bonus points for their work. This is an example of:a. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behaviorb. Differential reinforcement of other behaviorsc. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviorsd. Noncontingent reinforcement

Q: Mrs. Jakes wanted to address Murray's reading comprehension using a new instructional program. For baseline, she measured:a. Murray's ability to read and understand new passagesb. Murray's current reading comprehension level using the instructional program already in placec. Murray's ability to understand material that is read to himd. Murray's reading comprehension using the new instructional program.

Q: John is sent to time-out for refusing to sit quietly during circle time. Here, the teacher is using what level option for reducing inappropriate behaviors?a. Level Ib. Level IIc. Level IIId. Level IV

Q: Miss Curry decides to decrease Rico's use of inappropriate language by requiring him to lose a behavior point for every inappropriate word he uses each day. Once implemented, she again gathers data on the number of times he uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as: a. Intervention b. Baseline c. Event recording d. Performance

Q: The Principle of the Least Intrusive Alternative suggests a. that positive interventions are always more effective than aversive b. when determining which intervention to choose, an important consideration is the intervention's level of intrusiveness. c. that when selecting a procedure, a teacher should begin at Level IV and move up the hierarchy toward less intrusive procedures d. that the least intrusive procedure, regardless of effectiveness, should be selected.

Q: Miss Curry records some initial data (without interceding) on the number of times Rico uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as:a. Performanceb. Baselinec. Intervald. Intervention

Q: Which of the following is considered a form of an aversive stimulus? a. overcorrection b. time-out ribbon c. response cost d. noncontingent reinforcement

Q: _______________ are phases of an intervention during which different approaches or techniques are used. a. Conditions b. Intervals c. Sessions d. Time Samples

Q: All of the following reduce behavior by removing a desired stimulus EXCEPT: a. time out b. response cost c. contingent observation d. noncontingent reinforcement

Q: The following data can be reported on a graph as the number or percent of total behavioral occurrence a. Interval and time sampling b. Event c. Permanent product d. All of the above

Q: Julie's teacher was concerned with her repeated attempts to dominant class discussion periods. Which of the following would be appropriate for reducing this behavior?a. negative reinforcementb. DROc. DRId. DRL

Q: Conversion to rate data is required when the teacher is concerned with a. topography b. averaging performance scores c. both accuracy and speed d. percent of intervals

Q: After finishing lunch Jose left his trash on the table, his teacher responded by having him pick up the trash left behind at each table. This procedure is known as __________.a. restitutional overcorrectionb. positive practicec. negative practiced. response cost

Q: ____________ data are reported as a number of items or a percent of items resulting from behavior. a. Rate b. Duration c. Latency d. Permanent product

Q: Justin often attempts to jump off classroom chairs. His teacher decided to reduce the behavior by having him repeatedly jump off the classroom chair, while under close supervision. This is an example of ___________.a. restitutional overcorrectionb. positive-practice overcorrectionc. negative practiced. response cost

Q: When drawing a graph, the axes is drawn in a ratio of: a. 1:3 b. 1:1 c. 2:4 d. 2:3

Q: Physical restraint is considered a(n) ___________. a. conditioned aversive stimulus b. unconditioned aversive stimulus c. overcorrection d. exclusion timeout

Q: Answer the following questions based on the graph below.The "y" axis is indicated by what letter?a. Cb. Ec. Ad. F

Q: ___________ is a form of time out in which the student is moved to the edge of the activity so that he/she can still observe other students engage in appropriate behavior and receive reinforcement.a. time-out ribbonb. contingent observationc. nonexclusion time-outd. all of the above

Q: Answer the following questions based on the graph below.The "x" axis is indicated by what letter?a. Bb. Cc. Fd. A

Q: A punisher is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. decrease in the future rate or probability of occurrence of the behavior b. administered contingently on the production of the inappropriate behavior c. administered immediately following the inappropriate behavior d. administered immediately following the appropriate behavior

Q: Answer the following questions based on the graph below.The letter "D" indicatesa. a continuous data pathb. a continuity breakc. the abscissad. the beginning point of the ordinate scale

Q: Discuss how a teacher might incorporate video and audio recording to teach self-management skills.

Q: Mr. Henderson wanted to stop Elijah's hand flapping. He consulted with the IEP committee and they decided to use hand weight to make the hand flapping more difficult in order to reduce the behavior. The behavioral procedure employed is _______.a. DRIb. sensory extinctionc. positive reinforcementd. none of the above

Q: Answer the following questions based on the graph below.The ordinate is indicated by what letter?a. Ab. Cc. Ed. D

Q: Jeff, a high school student who experiences a motor disability, is frequently unorganized with is work and is always late for class, even when provided extra time and support when changing classes. Discuss how a teacher might use self-management techniques to teach Jeff better organizational skills and increasing his punctuality.

Q: Which of the following provides reinforcement of an alternative behavior? a. DRO b. DRL c. DRI d. none of the above

Q: Answer the following questions based on the graph below.The abscissa is indicated by what letter?a. Eb. Cc. Dd. A

Q: Discuss four ways in which one can facilitate transfer of behaviors to reinforcement contingencies in the natural environment.

Q: All of the following are procedures designed to reduce inappropriate behaviors EXCEPT: a. noncontingent reinforcement b. DRO c. negative reinforcement d. none of the above

Q: Duration data may be reported as number of occurrences, number correct, or percentage.

Q: Your school system has recently undergone budget cuts and therefore off campus trips have been reduced to only one trip per year. Parents are concerned that their students will not be able to work on generalization of skills to community settings. During this budget crisis discuss ways that you can program for generalization within the school setting.

Q: Functional communication training (FCT) is the teaching of an appropriate communication form to reduce an inappropriate behavior which serves a communicative intent. This is an example of which behavior reduction procedure?a. DRAb. DROc. DRLd. DRI

Q: Interval and time sampling data are reported as number or percent of total intervals during which a behavior occurs.

Q: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for teaching generalization when students are fully served in general education classroom settings.

Q: During a ______ schedule, if inappropriate behavior is attempted the performance of the inappropriate behavior is ignored and an alternative behavior reinforced or performance of an inappropriate behavior is interrupted and redirected toward the appropriate behavior.a. DRLb. DRIc. DROd. DRA

Q: Line graphs are also known as histograms.

Q: Compare and contrast two strategies for training generalization. Describe how these might be used.

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