Q&A Hero

Q: Scenario: Ms. Tammy's self-contained class was working on a hygiene regiment, including brushing teeth. Three of the five students required significant instructions for brushing teeth. Ms. Tammy created a step-by-step breakdown of the procedures and decided to start off providing physical guidance and gradually reduce the prompt level.The instructional procedure used was ____________________.a. least-to-most promptsb. time delayc. most-to-least promptsd. graduated guidance

Q: Which is considered a proprioceptive primary reinforcer? a. colored lights twinkling b. the smell of cinnamon rolls baking c. music playing softly d. swinging in a swing

Q: Duration recording is primarily concerned with how long it takes a student to begin performing a behavior once its performance has been requested.

Q: Scenario: Ms. Tammy's self-contained class was working on a hygiene regiment, including brushing teeth. Three of the five students required significant instructions for brushing teeth. Ms. Tammy created a step-by-step breakdown of the procedures and decided to start off providing physical guidance and gradually reduce the prompt level.The step by step breakdown of brushing teeth is an example of:a. task analysisb. s-deltac. setting eventd. permanent product

Q: Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary reinforcer? a. paycheck b. a gold star c. verbal praise d. a nap

Q: Latency recording is used when the teacher is concerned with the length of time a student engages in a particular behavior.

Q: Derrick, a student in Mr. Davis' class repeatedly exhibited tantruming behavior including, screaming, crying, and hitting. Mr. Davis' is unsure of the cause of the behavior. What steps should Mr. Davis take to determine the function of the behavior?a. trial and error methodsb. conduct a functional assessmentc. ignore the behaviord. none of the above

Q: _________ reinforcers are natural, unlearned, or unconditioned. a. Tertiary b. Secondary c. Primary d. Variable

Q: Interval recording is typically used for long observation periods.

Q: Cedric, a student in Mr. Washington's class, was repeatedly out of his seat during instructional time. Mr. Washington decided to reinforce Cedric when he was exhibiting in-seat behavior. What behavioral concept was Mr. Washington employing?a. differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviorb. differential reinforcement of other behaviorc. negative reinforcementd. positive reinforcement

Q: Immediacy of reinforcement delivery is necessary a. to avoid the hazard of inadvertently reinforcing an intervening behavior b. to establish a connection between a particular behavior and its consequences c. to convince the student of the veracity of the contingency d. all of the above

Q: Recording occurrences of discrete behaviors is known as whole-interval recording.

Q: Scenario: Ms. Harper wants to increase John's behavior of sharing during circle time. Each time Ms. Harper observes John sharing she provides him with a token and his behavior increased.What type of data collection system should Ms. Harper use to record the number of occurrences of John's sharing behavior?a. event recordingb. time samplingc. durationd. latency

Q: The best way to determine whether something is reinforcing to a student is to use a. Reinforcer sampling b. Systematic predicting c. Caregiver guesses d. Selective sampling

Q: In terms of making the closest representation of the actual occurrence of a behavior, time sampling is the most exact.

Q: Scenario: Ms. Harper wants to increase John's behavior of sharing during circle time. Each time Ms. Harper observes John sharing she provides him with a token and his behavior increased. Ms. Harper provided a token as a reinforcer for John's behavior. The token was what type of reinforcer? a. primary b. secondary c. sensory d. none of the above

Q: What is reinforcing to a student depends on a. reinforcement history b. temperament on an intervention day c. age appropriateness of the reinforcer d. a and c only

Q: "Good job, Max!" is an example of a consequent stimulus.

Q: Scenario: Ms. Harper wants to increase John's behavior of sharing during circle time. Each time Ms. Harper observes John sharing she provides him with a token and his behavior increased. What type of reinforcement is Ms. Harper using? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. differential reinforcement of other behavior d. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

Q: Which of the following terms is NOT associated with positive reinforcement? a. Increases b. Presentation c. Decreases d. Contingent

Q: Interval recording allows an investigator to analyze written reports.

Q: Mrs. Jones had her students help establish a list of classroom rules, when they finished there were 35 rules for the class. This addresses which component of verbal structure?a. specificityb. economyc. consequencesd. none of the above

Q: The symbol for positive reinforcement is a. SR- b. SR+ c. SD d. SR

Q: Permanent products are tangible items or environmental effects that result from a behavior.

Q: Which of the following would be a good example of a rule with specificity? a. Be a good citizen b. Keep your hands to yourself c. Raise your hand before speaking d. All of the above

Q: _____________ is a naturally occurring phenomenon. a. Time out b. Reinforcement c. Contingency contracting d. Response cost

Q: Mr. Jackson targeted Rob's out of seat behavior for a behavior change program. He counted 20 occurrences during a reading period. To verify his data, he asked his student teacher to record at the same time. The student teacher recorded 18 occurrences. These data are in sufficient agreement for a behavior change program to begin.

Q: Verbal structure should include all of the following EXCEPT: a. specificity b. economy c. consequences d. reinforcement

Q: A contract should NOT: a. reinforce small approximations b. reinforce the performance after it occurs c. be stated negatively: "if you do not..., then I will..." d. reinforce frequently with small amounts

Q: A teacher and a paraprofessional observed a student in class using a new computer program simulation. Using 20 second intervals they recorded the data which appears below. These data are in sufficient agreement for a behavior change program to begin.(T) X X X O X X O O X O(P) X O X O X O O O X X

Q: To establish effective instructional practices the following should be present: a. clear lesson plans b. brisk instruction c. engaging teacher characteristics d. all of the above

Q: The Premack Principle is the reinforcement system used most often by teachers. Which of the following is an example of the Premack Principle?a. If you stay outside for 10 more minutes, then you must do your entire math problemsb. If you finish all your work, then you may have free time for 10 minutesc. If you are the line leader for today, then you must be quiet during study periodd. If you get a drink of water, then you must stay in your seat the rest of the day

Q: Of the observational data recording systems, the one which results in the most accurate representation of the occurrence of the behavior is interval recording.

Q: When structuring classroom time which of the following is appropriate: a. picture schedule b. use of timer c. both a and b d. none of the above

Q: Individuals are MOST likely to satiate on: a. CRF schedules b. FR schedules c. FI schedules d. VR schedules

Q: The period between the presentation of a discriminative stimulus and the initiation of a response is called the latency period.

Q: When structuring the physical arrangement of the classroom one must consider: a. observation of all students b. physical spacing of students c. delineation of work areas d. all of the above

Q: Individuals are LEAST likely to satiate on: a. CRF schedules b. FR schedules c. FI schedules d. VR schedules

Q: The method of data collection that provides the most accurate record of how long a behavior occurs is duration recording.

Q: The classroom appearance should be attractive.

Q: A "learned" reinforcer is also known as: a. natural reinforcer b. deprived reinforcer c. aversive reinforcer d. conditional reinforcer

Q: A measurement of accuracy is only one dimension for evaluating performance. It represents the acquisition level of performance. Briefly describe the other 3 levels of performance.

Q: The physical arrangement of the classroom should clearly delineate work and play areas.

Q: Confirmation of the reinforcing properties of a stimulus lies in: a. the stimulus b. the effect on behavior c. the schedule d. the teacher

Q: The four components of a behavioral objective are:

Q: Procedures tell students how they should behave.

Q: All basic reinforcement systems have the following elements: a. the teacher presents the antecedent discriminative stimulus b. the student performs the requested response c. the appropriate reinforcer is presented to the student d. all of the above

Q: Educational goals for individual students must be developed on the basis of evaluation data and other factors. Briefly list 3 of these other factors.

Q: Too many rules may be inefficient.

Q: A positive reinforcer is a consequence stimulus which:a. increases the future rate, is delivered contingently and immediately following a desired behaviorb. maintains constant rates, and is delivered consequentlyc. decreases a behavior, is delivered contingently and immediately following a behavior.d. maintains rate of a behavior, is delivered contingently and immediately following a desired behavior

Q: This level of learning requires students to use a concept in various settings or situations.a. generalizationb. applicationc. acquisitiond. analysis

Q: Teacher characteristics are not important in establishing an effective classroom and instruction.

Q: Primary reinforcers include all of the following EXCEPT: a. juice b. stickers c. raisins d. cookies

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of Bloom's levels of learning?a. analysisb. generalizationc. synthesisd. comprehension

Q: Effective rules describe observable behaviors.

Q: Negative reinforcement may be defined as the contingent presentation of an aversive stimulus immediately following a response that increases the future rate of the response.

Q: When selecting a criterion for mastery, the teacher should consider:a. nature of the contentb. ability of the studentc. number of learning opportunities to be providedd. all of the above

Q: Classroom rules should be specific and clearly established.

Q: A limited hold contingency allows teacher to make the reinforcer available for long periods of time following the elapsed interval.

Q: Which of the following would be an example of a long-term educational goal for a student with a severe disability?a. demonstrate knowledge of how to solve an algebraic equationb. decrease out-of-seat behaviorc. point to the largest item in an array for three consecutive sessionsd. both b and c

Q: The pace of instruction should be brisk.

Q: The passage of time is associated with interval schedules of reinforcement.

Q: All of the following are reasons for identifying the target behavior in the behavioral objective EXCEPT:a. consistency in behavior observationb. required by lawc. facilitates continuity of instructiond. confirmation by a third party

Q: Classroom schedules should be flexible.

Q: Schedules of reinforcement refer to patterns of timing for delivery of reinforcers.

Q: Mike's job coach was concerned with his production on the job site. Mike had mastered the assembly skills but was having difficulty keeping up with the competitive job production of his coworkers. Mike's job coach should work on which of the following?a. Acquisitionb. Fluencyc. Generalizationd. None of the above

Q: The physical arrangement of the classroom is an important component of establishing stimulus control.

Q: A teacher's attention is usually the MOST readily available and potent reinforcer in a classroom.

Q: During the third grade, John learned his multiplication facts. Upon returning to school after the summer break, his fourth grade teacher tested his ability to recite his multiplication facts. John's fourth grade teacher was assessing which skill level?a. Maintenanceb. Generalizationc. Fluencyd. Overlearning

Q: Give an example of the use of a self reinforcement procedure.

Q: Token reinforcement systems require two components: tokens and back up reinforcers.

Q: ____________ is the ability to perform a behavior under conditions different from those in place during acquisition.a. Generalizationb. Fluencyc. Overlearningd. Distributed Practice

Q: Select one self recording strategy and give an example of its use.

Q: Generalized reinforcers are less susceptible to satiation.

Q: When presented with a fast food menu at Burger Barn, Brooke will place her order within 30 seconds, 8 out of 10 trials over 3 consecutive weeks. This objective represents the _____________ level of response competence.a. Generalizationb. Fluencyc. Acquisitiond. Maintenance

Q: Meichenbaum has detailed a five-step procedure for self instruction. List the five steps in this procedure.

Q: A reinforcer that has been associated with a variety of behaviors or with access to a variety of other reinforcers is known as an activity reinforcer.

Q: Which of the following is not an appropriate target behavior for an objective?a. Understand the value of coinsb. Point to the correct algebraic formulac. Increase the number of times student raises her hand during a 30-minute lessond. Independently operate a microwave oven

Q: List four factors that appear to influence the effectiveness of self instruction.

Q: The Premack Principle states that any activity a student voluntarily performs frequently may be used as a reinforcer for any activity he seldom performs voluntarily.