Q&A Hero

Special Education

Q: Fractionation is used to evaluate performance change when using: a. a reversal design b. a multiple baseline design c. a changing conditions design d. an alternating treatments design
Q: An antecedent stimulus is: a. an event occurring before the behavior is performed b. an event occurring after the behavior is performed c. a and b d. none of the above
Q: What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Miss Clark holds Melissa's hand to cross the street.a. Modelingb. Physical Guidancec. Verbal Promptd. Visual Prompt
Q: Mr. Williams wants to know if using a number line or counting chips would be more effective when teaching addition to James. The most appropriate design to use is:a. alternating treatments designb. multiple baseline designc. changing criterion designd. none of the above
Q: "Jack can"t learn because he has Down syndrome" is an example of what explanation of behavior? a. biophysical explanation b. developmental explanation c. cognitive explanation d. behavioral explanation
Q: What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Mr. Kelly posts the homework assignment directions on the board for his math class.a. Modelingb. Physical Guidancec. Visual promptd. Verbal Prompt
Q: The single subject design which allows comparison of more than one treatment or intervention is the: a. multiple baseline design b. reversal design c. alternating treatments design d. none of the above
Q: Pairing stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response is known as all of the following EXCEPT:a. Pavlovianb. classicalc. respondent conditioningd. shaping
Q: A _____ is an additional stimulus that increases the probability that an SD will occasion the desired response.a. Conceptb. Reinforcerc. Consequenced. Prompt
Q: Michael counts on his fingers in order to answer arithmetic computation problems. The teacher wants to wean him off this crutch. She gives him, consecutively, various assistance strategies of lessening the concrete nature of his prompt. The most appropriate design for this example is:a. changing criterion designb. AB designc. reversal designd. changing conditions design
Q: The focus of the behavioral approach is: a. observing and predicting b. facilitating behavior change c. recording and verifying aberrant behaviors d. all of the above
Q: A ______ is a class of stimuli that have characteristics in common. a. Prompt hierarchy b. Shape c. SD d. Concept
Q: It takes Karen 30 minutes to complete 20 multiplication examples. Her teacher wants this reduced to 15 minutes. The most appropriate design for this example is:a. reversal designb. multiple baseline designc. changing criterion designd. AB design
Q: To the behaviorist, punishment occurs only when: a. the preceding behavior decreases b. the preceding behavior increases c. both a and b d. neither a or b
Q: The principle of discrimination associated with positive reinforcement isa. Sb. SDc. SR+d. SR-
Q: The experimental design that would be most appropriate for systematically increasing the number of workbook pages completed by a student is:a. alternating treatments designb. changing criterion designc. AB designd. changing conditions design
Q: A relationship among events in which the rate of a behavior's occurrence increases when some environmental condition is removed is: a. differential reinforcement b. reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
Q: Which of the following is an example of an SΔ? a. Whenever Mrs. Marcott is in the room, she ignores James when he yells out answers. b. Amanda knows that Mr. Stevens will pay attention to her if she uses profanity. c. Coly learned that when he answers his ringing phone, he more than likely gets to talk to one of his friends. d. All of the above.
Q: Ms. Markham is concerned about Peter's arithmetic computation and work completion behaviors. The appropriate design for use in this instance is:a. changing criterion designb. changing conditions designc. reversal designd. multiple baseline design
Q: A genuine scientific explanation must: a. be inclusive of all behaviors b. predict one behavior to the exclusion of all other behaviors c. a and b d. none of the above
Q: ____________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a specific target behavior.a. Shapingb. Modelingc. Behavioral chainingd. SD
Q: A teacher measured Jane's out of seat behavior during reading, music, and math periods. The appropriate design for use in this instance was:a. multiple baseline designb. alternating treatments designc. reversal designd. changing criterion design
Q: Information concerning a child's brain damage:a. can be useful in the teacher's selection of behavior management techniquesb. helps teachers determine who should be in school and who should notc. can cause teachers to have low expectations of students and give them excuses not to teachd. none of the above
Q: When a teacher requires a student to perform all the steps in sequence until the entire task is mastered, she is using what instructional technique?a. Backward chainingb. Forward chainingc. Total task presentationd. Behavioral chaining
Q: The measurement of a behavior before intervention begins is called: a. preliminary data b. variable data c. baseline data d. confounding data
Q: In explaining behavior, a useful theory must be: a. inclusive and justifiable b. inclusive, verifiable, and justifiable c. verifiable, exclusive, and predictable d. inclusive, verifiable, have predictive utility, and be parsimonious
Q: Components of a chain are acquired in sequential order. This is known as: a. Backward chaining b. Forward chaining c. Total task presentation d. Behavioral chaining
Q: An example of an independent variable is: a. numbers of minutes it takes to complete 20 math problems b. use of a number line for addition problems c. how long it takes a student to return from the bathroom d. how often a student asks for teacher assistance.
Q: Applied behavior analysis may be defined as the process of applying behavioral principles to improve behaviors while simultaneously evaluating whether noted changes may be attributed to the application of those principles.
Q: A task analysis should be used when a. The needs exists to systematically introduce various prompts b. A teacher wants to decrease a student's inappropriate behaviors c. A teacher wants a student to acquire a complex behavioral chain d. All of the above
Q: A multiple baseline design is appropriate to use when the target behavior calls for immediate action.
Q: Behaviors that are voluntary in nature rather than reflexive are usually associated with operant conditioning.
Q: A form of decreasing assistance called errorless learning is also known as: a. Time Delay b. Graduated Guidance c. Backward Chaining d. Stimulus shaping
Q: With the changing criterion design, a functional relation is demonstrated if the individual's performance level occasionally matches the continually changing criterion for performance.
Q: Reflexive behaviors that are not under voluntary control are associated with operant conditioning.
Q: Systematically fading a combination of prompts is an example of: a. Increasing assistance b. Time delay c. Decreasing assistance d. Graduated guidance
Q: Miss Hoffman wants to gradually decrease her caffeine intake from an average of 8 cups of coffee or soda per day to no more than one serving per day. An appropriate research design for Miss Hoffman to use would be the changing criterion design.
Q: Gestalt psychology emphasizes that learning is a process of imposing structure on perceived information.
Q: When using ___________ for fading prompts, the teacher begins with a level of prompting that virtually assures that the student will produce the appropriate response.a. Increasing assistanceb. Graduated guidancec. Time delayd. Decreasing assistance
Q: Using an AB design, a teacher can make a confident assumption of the existence of a functional relation.
Q: Developmental theories are difficult to verify and prove that the causes of behavior may be attributed to passage through a certain developmental stage.
Q: Gradual removing of prompts is known as __________. a. Fading b. Backward chaining c. Shaping d. All of the above
Q: The basic AB design does not provide for the replication within an experiment that establishes a functional relation between the independent and dependent variables.
Q: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory provides a strong cognitive explanation of behavior.
Q: What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Miss Elkhart physically demonstrates for Brandon how to open the microwave oven.a. Visual Promptb. Modelingc. Verbal Promptd. Physical Guidance
Q: The amount of time Terrell remains on task has consistently decreased over the last three days. At this point, it would be appropriate for his teacher to initiate and intervention to increase his time on task.
Q: Biophysical explanations of behavior include theories based on genetic or hereditary factors.
Q: Which symbol is associated with a lack of reinforcement?a. Sb. SDc. SR+d. SR-
Q: It is appropriate to end the baseline phase if two stable data points are collected and plotted.
Q: The Gestalt psychology cognitive explanation for behavior meets the criterion of inclusiveness, predictive utility, and parsimony for explaining behavior.
Q: Shaping should be used when: a. combinations of reinforcement, prompting, or chaining have failed b. students are highly resistant to behavioral change c. the terminal behavior is not in the student's repertoire d. a shaping procedure is always the first choice
Q: A drug company wants to test the effectiveness of a new flue prevention drug on 500"1000 people. For this study, a single-subject experimental design would be used.
Q: A parsimonious explanation of behavior includes explanations distant from observed behavior and its relationship to the environment.
Q: A procedure described as the use of differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior is called:a. modelingb. fadingc. chainingd. shaping
Q: Winning the jackpot at the slot machine is an example of a dependent variable.
Q: John Watson first distinguished operant from respondent conditioning.
Q: A backwards chaining procedure is used to teach a student to remove her coat. Instruction has involved:a. presenting the whole task on each occasionb. beginning with the last step first for instructionc. beginning with the first step only for instructiond. using a combination of the above three methods
Q: A traffic ticket for speeding is an example of an independent variable.
Q: Gestalt psychology's emphasizes humans imposing structure on their environment and seeing relationships rather than individual objects or events as separate entities.
Q: A student acquires a sequence of behaviors, all of which must be done in order to gain a reinforcer. He has learned:a. a fading procedureb. a backward chainc. a behavioral chaind. a forward chain
Q: A temper tantrum is an example of a dependent variable.
Q: According to the psychoanalytic theory, most people fixate at a certain stage thus becoming overeaters, smokers, verbally abusive and/or anal-retentive.
Q: By making prompts used as "weak" as possible, the teacher has: a. increased the power of S deltas present b. increased the amount of time a prompt will be needed c. guarded against delay of development of stimulus control d. done nothing to affect the instructional program
Q: An unexpected event is often referred to as a confounding variable.
Q: Certain genetic characteristics may increase the probability of certain behavioral characteristics.
Q: Graduated guidance is a fading procedure that: a. begins with whatever prompt level is necessary for performance of behavior b. is used to fade physical prompts c. is concerned with the time the prompt is given d. increases the amount of assistance within a trial
Q: In research, the goal is to control for the presence or absence of variables that may affect outcomes.
Q: Developmental theories verify and prove that inappropriate and maladaptive behavior can be explained by a failure to reach or pass a particular stage.
Q: A model's effectiveness may be positively influenced by: a. high status b. differences between model and students c. behavior modeled without reinforcement d. none of the above
Q: Use of a reversal design is appropriate for monitoring intervention effects on fighting behavior.
Q: Focusing on three strategies for teaching generalization, discuss how a teacher might use these strategies for promoting generalized reading skills.
Q: Which of the following would NOT be considered a communicative function of inappropriate behavior? a. Lying in the floor instead of sitting in the desk b. Refusing to answer when called upon c. Painting finger nails during English class d. Feeling angry as the result of a request
Q: A statement of the conditions under which the target behavior is to be performed is not part of a traditional behavioral objective.
Q: Describe some opportunities for teaching generalization during community-based instruction. Provide examples.
Q: To determine the most effective intervention for a behavior, it is necessary to analyze: a. Antecedents and Behaviors b. Behaviors and Consequences c. Consequences and Antecedents d. Antecedents only
Q: A measure of response accuracy (e.g., 8 out of 10 correct) represents the acquisition level of response competence.
Q: Briefly describe how trapping is used to promote generalization.
Q: The stimuli that occasion or signal the opportunity to perform a behavior are known as: a. Antecedents b. Behaviors c. Consequences d. Preceding variables
Q: A statement of conditions lists antecedent stimuli, including instructions, materials, and setting.
Q: Give a brief explanation of the rationale involved in providing generalization training. Who should provide it?
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