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Special Education
Q:
Every time the teacher asks a question, an overly eager student raises and waves his hands in front of her. In order to get him to stop this behavior, the teacher calls on him for the answer. The probability of the student raising and waving his hands again is:
a. increased
b. decreased
c. not likely
d. a or b
Q:
Behavioral objectives improve communication among professionals.
Q:
Briefly explain the differences between stimulus generalization, response maintenance, and response generalization.
Q:
Teachers often miss the function of a behavior because they are preoccupied with a behavior's ____________.
a. Frequency
b. Topography
c. Latency
d. Rate
Q:
Agree or disagree with the following statement, "Carr (1996) suggested that we modify our language even more drastically when addressing the general public, including parents and educators who are not behavior analysis" (p. 388). Provide examples to support your viewpoint.
Q:
Ms. Wilson's class went two days a week to work at a local grocery store. To assist with generalization, such as sorting, she created a simulation of the grocery store in their classroom. This is an example of teaching generalization using :a. indiscriminable contingenciesb. programming common stimulic. training looselyd. general case programming
Q:
Factors affecting the efficiency of a response do NOT include:
a. physical effort required to perform the response
b. schedule of reinforcement
c. delay between discriminative stimulus and delivery of reinforcer
d. degree of student's disability
Q:
For students with disabilities, IDEA requires that students receive services in the least restrictive environment (LRE). What is meant by least restrictive environment? Explain how LRE fits into a therapeutic environment.
Q:
This schedule of reinforcement leads to increased maintenance of the behavior.
a. CRF
b. intermittent
c. noncontingent
d. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of informant assessment?
a. informant's memory
b. informant's potential bias
c. informant's ability to analyze behavior
d. informant's ability to verbalize what was seen
Q:
Differentiate between informed consent and voluntary consent.
Q:
Cheryl was learning to place a food order when at a local restaurant. During her training period, Cheryl was taught to make her selection when asked, "May I take your order." However, when at the local restaurant Cheryl did not respond with her food order when asked, "What can I get you." Cheryl demonstrated a lack of ______________________.a. response generalizationb. stimulus generalizationc. response maintenanced. A and B only
Q:
When parents or teachers react to inappropriate behavior by offering a student various items or activities until the inappropriate behavior stops, they risk maintaining the inappropriate behavior with:
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. punishment
Q:
Discuss the possible conflict(s) between the philosophy of full inclusion and the ethical use of applied behavior analysis procedures.
Q:
The process of trapping a behavior is used when teaching generalization under conditions of____________________.a. sequential modificationb. train and hopec. natural maintaining contingenciesd. none of the above
Q:
Quantitative measures of topography include all EXCEPT:
a. frequency
b. duration
c. percentage of intervals during which a behavior occurs
d. degree of malice involved
Q:
Describe how teachers should be held accountable.
Q:
When teaching students to generalize, this procedure provides that the teacher delivers reinforcement only for responses that are different from previous responses to the cue.a. stimulus generalizationb. lag schedule of reinforcementc. differential reinforcementd. response generalization
Q:
When an intervention like a token system works for all but one or two students in a group, it is likely that:
a. those students are too seriously disturbed to respond
b. there is powerful competing reinforcers available outside the token system
c. the students' home situation is so poor that their behavior is essentially unchangeable
d. those students will respond only to punishment
Q:
Briefly discuss the importance of adequate training for persons who implement applied behavior analysis procedures.
Q:
All of the following refer to maintenance EXCEPT:
a. resistance to extinction
b. behavioral perspective
c. durability
d. transfer of training
Q:
When students escape from a task or environment by performing an inappropriate behavior that behavior is likely to be maintained by:a. positive reinforcementb. negative reinforcementc. extinctiond. punishment
Q:
List and explain three rights of individuals who are recipients of behavioral change programs as proposed by the American Association for Behavior Analysis.
Q:
All of the following refer to the process of generalization EXCEPT:
a. transfer of learning
b. stimulus generalization
c. behavioral perspective
d. A and C only
Q:
The primary purpose of scatter plot assessment is to:
a. determine the cause of behaviors that occur in bursts
b. present data in an easily readable format
c. specifically identify potential controlling variables
d. identify time related patterns of behavior
Q:
Define and give a rationale for social validity.
Q:
Miss Kennedy wants Oliver to learn the skills necessary to successfully participate in a job interview. She provides simulated training opportunities with Oliver that incorporate the same questions an interviewer would ask and the same environmental configuration. In addition, she has Oliver wear the outfit he will wear to his interview. Which technique for promoting generalization is Miss Kennedy using with Oliver?
a. Program common stimuli
b. Train loosely
c. Train sufficient exemplars
d. Use indiscriminable contingencies
Q:
All of the following are useful generalizations from the emerging literature on functional assessment analysis EXCEPT:a. for many students, inappropriate behavior leads to escape from aversive tasks or situationsb. all inappropriate behavior can be decreased or eliminated by teaching a functionally equivalent, appropriate behaviorc. much inappropriate behavior serves a communicative functiond. much inappropriate behavior is occasioned by high demand situations
Q:
Define what is meant by the statement "the relationship between behavior and the environment is reciprocal". Give an example.
Q:
"Using Sufficient Exemplars" is similar to "Sequential modification" in that:
a. Change is targeted and assessed with settings, individuals, or activities in which NO intervention has taken place.
b. Change is targeted and assessed with settings, individuals or activities in which intervention HAS taken place.
c. The same techniques that successfully changed behavior in one setting are applied to all settings where the target behavior is desirable.
d. None of the above
Q:
The MAS is:
a. Model/Analyze/Structure, a systematic method for teaching equivalent behaviors.
b. Multielement Analysis of Stimuli, a method of verifying hypotheses about behavioral functions
c. Motivation Assessment Scale, a structured questionnaire used for informant interviews
d. Manipulation of Antecedent Stimuli, a way to avoid presenting events that occasion inappropriate behavior
Q:
Which of the following statements is true?
a It is unethical to believe that any child is not capable of learning academic and preacademic skills.
b. It is unethical to waste the time of students for whom there is clear evidence that they are not capable of mastering traditional academics.
c. It is unethical not to consider the particular environment in which an individual lives when making decisions about the skills to be taught.
d. All of the above.
Q:
A behavior that lends itself to trapping includes:
a. Grooming skills
b. Social skills
c. Communication skills
d. All of the above
Q:
The same behavior exhibited by two different students may serve two different functions.
Q:
Voluntary participation in a behavior-change program must be:
a. informed
b. voluntary
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
Q:
Initially, Isabel is taught to use her augmentative communication system to indicate it's time for lunch when prompted by the teacher and when she feels hunger. Through instruction over time and withdrawal of the teacher's verbal prompt, Isabel now independently indicates it's time for lunch when her stomach begins growling. This is an example of what generalization technique?
a. Sequentially modify
b. Train loosely
c. Mediate generalization
d. Introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies
Q:
Under the play condition of behavior, instances of inappropriate behavior is minimal or nonexistent for a student.
Q:
In an attempt to keep ahead with his paperwork, Mr. Martin goes ahead and writes Frankie's IEP goals, objectives, and behavior management plan for the next year before the IEP meeting. Which ethical rule is Mr. Martin ignoring?a. The right to the most effective treatment procedures availableb. The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfarec. The right to treatment by a competent behavior analystd. The right to a therapeutic environment
Q:
The design associated with sequential modification is:
a. Multiple baseline design
b. Reversal design
c. Changing conditions design
d. Alternating treatment design
Q:
The function of inappropriate behavior represented in the alone condition is to gain positive reinforcement.
Q:
Jay is allowed to use his augmentative communication device only during break, lunch, and leisure time. According to his teacher, when his device is used during instructional time, it is distracting to other students. Which ethical rule has Jay's teacher ignored?a. The right to a therapeutic environmentb. The right to treatment by a competent behavior analystc. The right to the most effective treatment procedures availabled. The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfare
Q:
Jennifer learns to discriminate between hot and cold by operating the sink controls in the science lab. She has maintained 100% accuracy on this skill over several weeks. When she has to wash her hands in the restroom at Burger Barn next week, it is anticipated that she will independently use the water controls. The generalization technique being used here is:
a. Train Loosely
b. Train and Hope
c. Use Indiscriminable Contingencies
d. Program Common Stimuli
Q:
The function of inappropriate behavior represented in the demand condition is negative reinforcement.
Q:
Excited about her classroom visitors, Ms. Phillips points to Olivia and explains that although she has a
learning disability, she has made progress in math over the past two weeks. Which ethical rule has Ms. Phillips broken?
a. The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfare
b. The right to treatment by a competent behavior analyst
c. The right to the most effective treatment procedures available
d. The right to a therapeutic environment
Q:
__________ refers to the tendency of a learned behavior to occur after programmed contingencies have been withdrawn.a. Response maintenanceb. Stimulus generalizationc. Acquisitiond. Response generalization
Q:
Behavior rating scales are instruments designed to obtain more qualitative information from informants.
Q:
A "therapeutic environment" is always:
a. safe, humane, and responsive to individual needs
b. the general education classroom
c. the setting providing the fewest distractions thus providing greater effectiveness of behavioral strategies
d. all of the above
Q:
How do generalization objectives differ from acquisition objectives?
a. The conditions under which the behavior to be performed differs.
b. Differences in the criteria defined for performance
c. Differences in behavior targeted for change
d. a and b only
Q:
Direct observation strategies to gather information by taking data on the behavior while the student is engaged in it is also known as informant assessment.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate means for assessing social validity?
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Behavioral observations
d. Surveys
Q:
Which procedure is NOT necessarily the best to use for promoting generalization?
a. Delaying the delivery of reinforcers
b. Intermittent reinforcement
c. Use of a thin schedule of reinforcement
d. A continuous schedule of reinforcement
Q:
Setting events refer to the climate within which the behavior and the contingency occur.
Q:
In order for a practice to be considered "socially valid" it must:
a. meet the acceptability requirements of its consumers
b. meet the social acceptability requirements of the environment
c. use techniques considered ethical by professionals
d. all of the above
Q:
Which of the following is another term for "training loosely?"
a. Naturalistic teaching
b. Minimal intervention
c. Incidental teaching
d. All of the above.
Q:
Functional assessment is a strategy of manipulating the student's environment and observing the effect on his or her behavior.
Q:
A _________ position holds that human behavior is lawful and its causes can be identified in environmental events.a. Deterministicb. Constructivistc. Positivistd. Gestalt
Q:
Mr. Hawkins wants Abel to learn to purchase a newspaper from a newspaper vending machine. Over two weeks, Abel purchases newspapers from four different newspaper machines. This is an example of what generalization technique?
a. Train loosely
b. Train sufficient exemplars
c. Sequentially modify
d. Train to generalize
Q:
When replacing an inappropriate behavior with one that is appropriate, the new behavior must serve the same function as the old.
Q:
Which of the following would be a procedure used by an applied behavior analyst?a. Shock therapyb. Gestalt therapyc. Contingency contractingd. Drug therapy
Q:
The Relevance of Behavior Rule states that:
a. If teachers can generate behaviors that are reinforced by the natural environment, a situation equivalent to catching a mouse in a trap will be created.
b. The more relevant the behavior, the more likely the student will be to acquire the behavioral skill.
c. There is seldom a behavior that is performed exactly the same way in exactly the same place.
d. It is not always necessary to employ identical procedures to obtain stimulus generalization or maintenance.
Q:
Jack dislikes math. He throws his pencil across the room and is sent to the principal's office. This consequence allows him to escape math. Jack is positively reinforced for throwing his pencil.
Q:
The primary reason to behave ethically is to:
a. act within the law
b. act consistently with what one believes is right
c. act in a professional manner
d. all of the above
Q:
Ms. Coulter was successful using a token reinforcement system with Jordan to decrease his inappropriate behaviors in her class. Mr. Johnson is now going to implement the same token system in his class in hopes that Jordan's behavior will improve. This is an example of what generalization technique?
a. Train loosely
b. Sequentially modify
c. Introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies
d. Mediate generalization
Q:
Informal assessment is the most effective way to gather data for a functional analysis.
Q:
Which factors must be considered when attempting to determine whether a proposed intervention is ethical?
a. community standards
b. individual freedom and responsibility of the student
c. laws
d. all of the above
Q:
A driver is taught to push the accelerator when the traffic light turns green. While at work, she opens the dishwasher door, only when the light turns green. This is an example of:a. Stimulus generalizationb. Response maintenancec. Behavioral persistenced. Response generalization
Q:
Typical students are always appropriate models for students with disabilities.
Q:
Forms of applied behavior analysis include:
a. hypnosis
b. drug therapy
c. electroconvlusive shock therapy
d. none of the above
Q:
___________ occurs when a response that has been trained in a specific setting with a specific instructor occurs in a different setting or with a different instructor.a. Response maintenanceb. Stimulus generalizationc. Acquisitiond. Response Generalization
Q:
An analysis of a problem behavior's function is necessary for the selection of the most effective treatment procedures.
Q:
The laws of behavior operate:a. only for the mentally handicappedb. for students with mental ages between 2-7 yearsc. for all but gifted studentsd. for all of us
Q:
In mediating generalization, students may be taught to:
a. recognize reinforcers in the environment
b. monitor and report on their own behavior generalization
c. recruits reinforcers which may be available
d. responds to specific discriminative stimuli in multiple environments
Q:
It is unethical to eliminate a behavior if an individual lacks an alternative behavior to serve that behavior's function.
Q:
A primary consideration that guides teachers in designing a program to change a student's behavior is:
a. proven effectiveness of a technique
b. administrative desires
c. availability of materials
d. student's mental age
Q:
Students may be trained to be reinforced by generalization as a response class. This is described as:a. programming common stimulib. general case programmingc. training to generalized. training sufficient exemplars
Q:
A behavior's function is determined by its topography.
Q:
Teachers are accountable to:
a. administrative supervisors
b. parents of their students
c. the community
d. all of the above
Q:
Training of stimuli observed in both training and generalization settings is best described as:
a. use of indiscriminable contingencies
b. common stimuli programming
c. training loosely
d. train and hope methodology
Q:
Compare and contrast action research and experimental research.
Q:
The relationship between behavior and the environment is:
a. unilateral
b. reciprocal
c. parallel
d. linear