Q&A Hero

Q: The amount of time Terrell remains on task has consistently decreased over the last three days. At this point, it would be appropriate for his teacher to initiate and intervention to increase his time on task.

Q: Behaviorists are LEAST concerned with the following: a. functional relation b. observable behaviors c. present events d. past events

Q: A stimulus, or group of stimuli, that may reliably set the occasion for a response is: a. positive reinforcement b. discriminative stimuli c. an S delta d. respondent conditioning

Q: It is appropriate to end the baseline phase if two stable data points are collected and plotted.

Q: To qualify as a behavior, something must be: a. observable b. quantifiable c. a and b d. none of the above

Q: The backward chaining procedure requires a student to demonstrate all the steps of a behavioral chain until it is completely mastered.

Q: A drug company wants to test the effectiveness of a new flue prevention drug on 500"1000 people. For this study, a single-subject experimental design would be used.

Q: An antecedent stimulus is: a. an event occurring before the behavior is performed b. an event occurring after the behavior is performed c. a and b d. none of the above

Q: A complex behavior may be learned by reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence. This instructional procedure is called antecedent prompting.

Q: Winning the jackpot at the slot machine is an example of a dependent variable.

Q: "Jack can"t learn because he has Down syndrome" is an example of what explanation of behavior? a. biophysical explanation b. developmental explanation c. cognitive explanation d. behavioral explanation

Q: When using backward chaining, the last component is taught first, and other components are added one at a time.

Q: A traffic ticket for speeding is an example of an independent variable.

Q: Pairing stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response is known as all of the following EXCEPT: a. Pavlovian b. classical c. respondent conditioning d. shaping

Q: When using the system of least prompts, the teacher starts with the discriminative stimulus and then moves to the least restrictive prompt in her repertoire.

Q: A temper tantrum is an example of a dependent variable.

Q: The focus of the behavioral approach is: a. observing and predicting b. facilitating behavior change c. recording and verifying aberrant behaviors d. all of the above

Q: Fading is the gradual removal of prompts.

Q: An unexpected event is often referred to as a confounding variable.

Q: To the behaviorist, punishment occurs only when: a. the preceding behavior decreases b. the preceding behavior increases c. both a and b d. neither a or b

Q: When using time delay, delays are usually only a few minutes.

Q: In research, the goal is to control for the presence or absence of variables that may affect outcomes.

Q: A relationship among events in which the rate of a behavior's occurrence increases when some environmental condition is removed is: a. differential reinforcement b. reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

Q: Graduated guidance is a form of least-to-most prompts.

Q: Use of a reversal design is appropriate for monitoring intervention effects on fighting behavior.

Q: A genuine scientific explanation must: a. be inclusive of all behaviors b. predict one behavior to the exclusion of all other behaviors c. a and b d. none of the above

Q: Using alterations of SΔ's and SD's enable students to make discriminations more easily.

Q: The existence of a functional relation can be determined through use of a reversal design.

Q: Information concerning a child's brain damage:a. can be useful in the teacher's selection of behavior management techniquesb. helps teachers determine who should be in school and who should notc. can cause teachers to have low expectations of students and give them excuses not to teachd. none of the above

Q: A prompted response is NOT under stimulus control.

Q: The existence of a functional relation can be determined through use of a multiple baseline design. False

Q: In explaining behavior, a useful theory must be: a. inclusive and justifiable b. inclusive, verifiable, and justifiable c. verifiable, exclusive, and predictable d. inclusive, verifiable, have predictive utility, and be parsimonious

Q: Prompts are offered before an SD is presented and failed to occasion a response.

Q: One way of using visual inspection for evaluating single subject designs is by looking at the means of the data phases.

Q: Applied behavior analysis may be defined as the process of applying behavioral principles to improve behaviors while simultaneously evaluating whether noted changes may be attributed to the application of those principles.

Q: A response that occurs in the presence of an SD is said to be under stimulus control.

Q: A multiple baseline design has two phases.

Q: Behaviors that are voluntary in nature rather than reflexive are usually associated with operant conditioning.

Q: Discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between environmental events or stimuli.

Q: A single subject design will provide information concerning which reading series to use in the second grade.

Q: Reflexive behaviors that are not under voluntary control are associated with operant conditioning.

Q: Stimulus control is the term used by applied behavior analysts to describe bringing behavior under control of time, place, and circumstances.

Q: A trend in data is defined as five data points in an obvious direction.

Q: Gestalt psychology emphasizes that learning is a process of imposing structure on perceived information.

Q: Shaping is used to teach behaviors not currently in students' repertoires.

Q: Three data points at zero level of performance is sufficient for a baseline.

Q: Developmental theories are difficult to verify and prove that the causes of behavior may be attributed to passage through a certain developmental stage.

Q: Your colleague has a student who exhibits aberrant behaviors. The teacher believes the only way to reduce the behaviors are through the use of aversives. Discuss three procedures that can be used to reduce aberrant behaviors in place of aversive stimuli

Q: The treatment or intervention procedure that will be used to change a behavior is the dependent variable.

Q: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory provides a strong cognitive explanation of behavior.

Q: Differentiate between nonexlusionary and exclusionary time-out. Provide examples of each form of time-out.

Q: The behavior to be changed is the dependent variable.

Q: Biophysical explanations of behavior include theories based on genetic or hereditary factors.

Q: Discuss some of the guidelines for using aversive stimuli. What ethical considerations must be made before aversives should be used?

Q: Create two scenarios, one for which you want to increase a behavior and one for which you want to decrease a behavior. Define the behavior and describe which data collection system you would use to measure change in behavior. Create a data collection sheet that supports the data collection system you selected and put in sample data. Graph the data from the data collection sheet you created. Be sure to include all components of a basic line graph.

Q: The Gestalt psychology cognitive explanation for behavior meets the criterion of inclusiveness, predictive utility, and parsimony for explaining behavior.

Q: Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Q: Discuss the benefits of graphing data when communicating with other teachers, parents and students.

Q: A parsimonious explanation of behavior includes explanations distant from observed behavior and its relationship to the environment.

Q: Define and discuss response-cost procedures. What are the problems associated with this procedure?

Q: Discuss the benefits to using a bar graph and a cumulative graph.

Q: John Watson first distinguished operant from respondent conditioning.

Q: Define noncontingent reinforcement and list the disadvantages of this behavior reduction strategy.

Q: Describe the three purposes for graphs.

Q: Gestalt psychology's emphasizes humans imposing structure on their environment and seeing relationships rather than individual objects or events as separate entities.

Q: List and explain four of the problems associated with extinction.

Q: Construct a basic graph labeling each of the following: axes, abscissa and ordinate labels, data points, and data path.

Q: According to the psychoanalytic theory, most people fixate at a certain stage thus becoming overeaters, smokers, verbally abusive and/or anal-retentive.

Q: Define restitutional overcorrection and give an example.

Q: List the three ways in which event recording can be converted for reporting and graphing and explain how each conversion is used.

Q: Certain genetic characteristics may increase the probability of certain behavioral characteristics.

Q: Define positive practice overcorrection and give an example.

Q: Carol is having difficulty with subtraction problems. Over a five day period, out of 20 problems, she has gotten the following number of examples correct: M - 9; T - 11; W - 6; Th - 9; F - 8. Draw a line graph that accurately presents the preceding data.

Q: Developmental theories verify and prove that inappropriate and maladaptive behavior can be explained by a failure to reach or pass a particular stage.

Q: During basketball practice, Coach Reeves' team continually forgot his directive to pass the ball at center court. For 15-minutes, the coach had is players practice passing the ball at center court. The educational procedure Coach Reeves used is called: a. Negative practice overcorrection b. A conditioned aversive stimulus c. Restitutional overcorrection d. Positive-practice overcorrection

Q: Which of the following is missing from the following graph? Justin a. student identification b. ordinate label c. data paths d. abscissa

Q: Mr. Hughes was stopped by the police for emptying his ashtray on roadway as he was driving at 35 m.p.h. The judge sentenced Mr. Hughes to an entire weekend of picking up trash on the side of the road. This is an example of: a. A conditioned aversive stimulus b. Positive-practice overcorrection c. Restitutional overcorrection d. Response-cost

Q: Based on the graph, what type of data collection system was employed? a. event recording b. interval recording c. time sampling d. duration

Q: The time-out procedure in which the student is not removed from the instructional setting and instead, the teacher temporarily manipulates the environment to deny a student access to reinforcers is known as: a. Exclusionary time-out b. Seclusionary time-out c. Nonseclusionary time-out d. Nonexclusionary time-out

Q: John has been learning to write his name. During each presentation the teacher has him write each letter in his name once. Which of the following would his teacher use to report his data? a. number of items b. percentage of items c. rate of items d. none of the above