Q&A Hero

Q: What is most often used in the classroom to decrease behaviors that are being maintained by teacher attention?a. Positive reinforcementb. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviorsc. Noncontingent reinforcementd. Extinction

Q: Event recording can be reported as all of the following except: a. percentage b. rate c. percent of intervals d. number

Q: What schedule of reinforcement should be used when initially using DRA with a new behavior?a. Continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)b. Fixed interval: 2 (FI: 2)c. Variable ratio: 1 (VR: 1)d. Fixed ratio: 2 (FR: 2)

Q: A continuity break could be present on a graph for any of the following except: a. student was sick b. winter break c. student was not responding well during the instructional session d. teacher had a meeting

Q: Reinforcing on-task behavior to decrease off-task behavior is an example of: a. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior b. Noncontingent Reinforcement c. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors d. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors

Q: Which of the following components would be represented on the abscissa? a. number of sessions b. number of inappropriate behaviors c. percentage of call outs d. none of the above

Q: On average, students in science Group A ask for assistance 8"12 times per 20-minute period. The teacher wants to decrease this behavior. She tells the group that if they are able to complete their 20-minute lab assignment with no more than three requests for assistance, they will receive 5 bonus points for their work. This is an example of: a. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior b. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors c. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors d. Noncontingent reinforcement

Q: Which of the following provides an illustration of a rapid rate of responding using a cumulative graph? (A) (B) (C)a. A onlyb. B onlyc. C onlyd. A and C

Q: John is sent to time-out for refusing to sit quietly during circle time. Here, the teacher is using what level option for reducing inappropriate behaviors? a. Level I b. Level II c. Level III d. Level IV

Q: A vertical dashed line is used to: a. connect data points b. separate conditions c. draw the axes d. all of the above

Q: The Principle of the Least Intrusive Alternative suggests a. that positive interventions are always more effective than aversive b. when determining which intervention to choose, an important consideration is the intervention's level of intrusiveness. c. that when selecting a procedure, a teacher should begin at Level IV and move up the hierarchy toward less intrusive procedures d. that the least intrusive procedure, regardless of effectiveness, should be selected.

Q: Interval and time sampling data may be reported as: a. number and rate b. percent and number c. only rate d. only percent

Q: Which of the following is considered a form of an aversive stimulus? a. overcorrection b. time-out ribbon c. response cost d. noncontingent reinforcement

Q: A scale break indicates: a. that 50% of the data points are above a certain number. b. that data points fall at zero. c. that the ordinate scale is not continuous. d. that the ordinate scale is continuous.

Q: All of the following reduce behavior by removing a desired stimulus EXCEPT: a. time out b. response cost c. contingent observation d. noncontingent reinforcement

Q: Which of the following would be found on the ordinate? a. number of behaviors b. rate of behaviors c. percentage of behaviors d. all of the above

Q: Julie's teacher was concerned with her repeated attempts to dominant class discussion periods.Which of the following would be appropriate for reducing this behavior?a. negative reinforcementb. DROc. DRId. DRL

Q: When data are converted to the seconds/minutes/hours for which a behavior occurred, the type of recording used to collect the data was: a. latency recording b. time sampling c. interval recording d. duration recording

Q: After finishing lunch Jose left his trash on the table, his teacher responded by having him pick up the trash left behind at each table. This procedure is known as __________. a. restitutional overcorrection b. positive practice c. negative practice d. response cost

Q: When you graph the number of occurrences of a behavior in a given session after adding it to the number of occurrences of a prior session you are employing a: a. cumulative graph b. bar graph c. line graph d. histogram

Q: Justin often attempts to jump off classroom chairs. His teacher decided to reduce the behavior by having him repeatedly jump off the classroom chair, while under close supervision. This is an example of ___________. a. restitutional overcorrection b. positive-practice overcorrection c. negative practice d. response cost

Q: When constructing a graph, behavior is plotted along the: a. x axis b. horizontal axis c. vertical axis d. abscissa

Q: Physical restraint is considered a(n) ___________. a. conditioned aversive stimulus b. unconditioned aversive stimulus c. overcorrection d. exclusion timeout

Q: When reporting percent on the ordinate scale:a. the scale always goes from 0 to 100%b. the scale ranges from 0 to the highest percent obtainedc. there is no scale ruled. it's better to convert the ordinate to number

Q: ___________ is a form of time out in which the student is moved to the edge of the activity so that he/she can still observe other students engage in appropriate behavior and receive reinforcement.a. time-out ribbonb. contingent observationc. nonexclusion time-outd. all of the above

Q: Mrs. Jakes wanted to address Murray's reading comprehension using a new instructional program. For baseline, she measured: a. Murray's ability to read and understand new passages b. Murray's current reading comprehension level using the instructional program already in place c. Murray's ability to understand material that is read to him d. Murray's reading comprehension using the new instructional program.

Q: A punisher is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. decrease in the future rate or probability of occurrence of the behavior b. administered contingently on the production of the inappropriate behavior c. administered immediately following the inappropriate behavior d. administered immediately following the appropriate behavior

Q: Miss Curry decides to decrease Rico's use of inappropriate language by requiring him to lose a behavior point for every inappropriate word he uses each day. Once implemented, she again gathers data on the number of times he uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as: a. Intervention b. Baseline c. Event recording d. Performance

Q: Mr. Henderson wanted to stop Elijah's hand flapping. He consulted with the IEP committee and they decided to use hand weight to make the hand flapping more difficult in order to reduce the behavior. The behavioral procedure employed is _______. a. DRI b. sensory extinction c. positive reinforcement d. none of the above

Q: Miss Curry records some initial data (without interceding) on the number of times Rico uses inappropriate language in her class. This data condition is known as: a. Performance b. Baseline c. Interval d. Intervention

Q: Which of the following provides reinforcement of an alternative behavior? a. DRO b. DRL c. DRI d. none of the above

Q: _______________ are phases of an intervention during which different approaches or techniques are used. a. Conditions b. Intervals c. Sessions d. Time Samples

Q: All of the following are procedures designed to reduce inappropriate behaviors EXCEPT: a. noncontingent reinforcement b. DRO c. negative reinforcement d. none of the above

Q: The following data can be reported on a graph as the number or percent of total behavioral occurrence a. Interval and time sampling b. Event c. Permanent product d. All of the above

Q: Functional communication training (FCT) is the teaching of an appropriate communication form to reduce an inappropriate behavior which serves a communicative intent. This is an example of which behavior reduction procedure?a. DRAb. DROc. DRLd. DRI

Q: Conversion to rate data is required when the teacher is concerned with a. topography b. averaging performance scores c. both accuracy and speed d. percent of intervals

Q: During a ______ schedule, if inappropriate behavior is attempted the performance of the inappropriate behavior is ignored and an alternative behavior reinforced or performance of an inappropriate behavior is interrupted and redirected toward the appropriate behavior.a. DRLb. DRIc. DROd. DRA

Q: ____________ data are reported as a number of items or a percent of items resulting from behavior. a. Rate b. Duration c. Latency d. Permanent product

Q: Which of the following statements is true of DRO schedules? a. requires students receive reinforcement if he/she does not perform the target behavior b. reinforces absence of the behavior c. effectiveness depends on the reinforcer selected d. all of the above

Q: When drawing a graph, the axes is drawn in a ratio of: a. 1:3 b. 1:1 c. 2:4 d. 2:3

Q: Mrs. Jones has repeatedly attempted to reduce Jonathon's behavior of rushing through his daily worksheets. His behavior results in increased errors as well as illegible handwriting on his worksheets. Mrs. Jones decided to reinforce Jonathon every time he turns in a neatly printed worksheet. Which of the following procedures has Mrs. Jones employed? a. DRO b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. DRL

Q: The "y" axis is indicated by what letter? a. C b. E c. A d. F

Q: The "x" axis is indicated by what letter? a. B b. C c. F d. A

Q: When selecting an incompatible or alternative behavior to use in a differential reinforcement procedure:a. it is better if the behavior is already in the student's repertoireb. the functional intent of the behavior should be analyzedc. the alternative behavior should be one that can be reinforced frequentlyd. all of the above

Q: The letter "D" indicates a. a continuous data path b. a continuity break c. the abscissa d. the beginning point of the ordinate scale

Q: Successful approaches to controlling reinforcing consequences delivered by peers include: a. reinforcing peers for withholding attention b. training high status peers in reinforcing appropriate behaviors c. attending to peer being aggressed while ignoring aggressor d. all of the above

Q: The ordinate is indicated by what letter? a. A b. C c. E d. D

Q: Spontaneous recovery refers to: a. the possible reappearance of an extinguished behavior b. a student's return to the classroom after time out c. getting well after a serious illness d. none of the above

Q: Duration data may be reported as number of occurrences, number correct, or percentage. 16 . The abscissa is indicated by what letter? a. E b. C c. D d. A

Q: When using a planned ignoring procedure, the teacher should: a. reinforce other students' appropriate behaviors b. comment on the inappropriate behavior c. place a dunce cap on the student's head d. none of the above

Q: Interval and time sampling data are reported as number or percent of total intervals during which a behavior occurs.

Q: The characteristic by which behavior continues for an indeterminate amount of time once reinforcement is withheld is known as:a. resistance to extinctionb. ornerinessc. behavioral continuityd. all of the above

Q: Line graphs are also known as histograms.

Q: Use of an extinction procedure may result in: a. induced aggression b. initial increase in behavior c. spontaneous recovery d. all of the above

Q: Cumulative graphs always demonstrate an upward curve if any behavior at all is being recorded.

Q: A procedure which uses a reinforcement strategy to reduce a behavior is: a. overcorrection b. response cost c. time out d. DRA

Q: On a cumulative graph, data points are plotted at the appropriate intersections without regard to performance during the previous session.

Q: When a student has been placed in time out:a. he should remain there as long as it takes for him to quiet downb. she should remain for a period of time equal to the amount of time she was disrupting the classc. one to five minutes is generally sufficient, but no longer than 15 minutes.d. any of the above criteria is appropriate.

Q: On a graph, data points are not connected across conditions.

Q: A class of stimuli which result in physical pain or discomfort to the student is termed: a. unconditioned aversive stimuli b. conditioned aversive stimuli c. controlled aversive stimuli d. correctional aversive stimuli

Q: A continuity break in a data path is used when there is a break in the expected sequence of intervention.

Q: At the initiation of an extinction procedure one should expect the behavior will: a. decrease b. increase c. remain stable d. disappear

Q: No more than five different data paths should be plotted on a single graph.

Q: Ignoring disruptive behavior is a procedure known as: a. overcorrection b. response cost c. time out d. extinction

Q: The beginning point of the ordinate scale may be drawn directly on the x-axis.

Q: Kathy's mom slaps her hand when she reaches for the knobs on the stove. This is considered to be a conditioned aversive stimulus.

Q: The ordinate scale always begins at "0".

Q: As long as teachers gain administrative approval, exclusionary time-out would be considered appropriate to use with a student who is engaged in inappropriate behaviors.

Q: The labels "days," "dates," or "sessions" would be found on the abscissa.

Q: A student is told that she has to sit and watch for 5-minutes due to acting inappropriately. This is an example of nonexclusionary time-out.

Q: The label "percent of intervals of on-task behaviors" would be found on the abscissa.

Q: A chocolate candy bar and being assigned additional homework may both serve as punishers to a particular behavior for a student if it decreases a behavior.

Q: The ordinate scale shows how frequently data were collected during the period represented on the graph.

Q: A punisher can be identified ONLY by its effect of behavior.

Q: The ordinate is also considered the x axis.

Q: When extinction is used, its effects will frequently generalize to settings in which procedures are not in effect.

Q: The time dimension is indicated along the abscissa of a graph.

Q: Teachers are most effective when they follow a controlled, consistent, and standardized format for promoting generalization.

Q: Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) requires that reinforcement be delivered if the student does not perform the target behavior, no matter what else he does.

Q: A kindergarten teacher wants to collect data on a new behavior modification program to reduce out-of-seat behavior throughout the school day for three students in her class. Which data collection system would you recommend she use and why? Contrast the benefits of the system you recommended against two other systems of data collection.