Q&A Hero

Q: T F Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.

Q: Why is analogical reasoning frequently used when a speaker is dealing with the practicality issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy?

Q: T F When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, you need to make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.

Q: Define and give an example of each of the following fallacies: a. hasty generalization b. false cause c. invalid analogy

Q: T F When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, you need to make sure that your sample of specific instances is representative of other instances of that type.

Q: Define and give an example of each of the following fallacies: a. either-or b. bandwagon c. appeal to novelty

Q: T F The primary purpose of a special occasion speech is to convey information to an audience.

Q: T F A graduation address and a toast at a wedding are both examples of speeches for special occasions.

Q: T F The purpose of a speech of introduction is to introduce a person receiving an award or an honor.

Q: T F The purpose of a speech of introduction is to introduce the main speaker to the audience.

Q: T F One major purpose of a speech of introduction is to focus attention on the person making the introduction.

Q: T F One major purpose of a speech of introduction is to build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker.

Q: What is causal reasoning? Illustrate your answer with an example of causal reasoning. Explain two pitfalls speakers should avoid when using causal reasoning in their speeches.

Q: Identify and explain the three types of credibility discussed in your textbook.

Q: T F According to your textbook, it is redundant for persuasive speakers to give their evidence and then to state the point the evidence is meant to prove.

Q: Explain the following statement: When you use evidence in a persuasive speech, you should think of yourself as engaged in a mental dialogue with the audience.

Q: T F When you use evidence in a persuasive speech, you can count on listeners to figure out for themselves what you want the evidence to prove.

Q: Explain each of the following guidelines for using evidence in a persuasive speech. a. Use specific evidence. b. Use novel evidence. c. Use evidence from credible sources. d. Make clear the point of your evidence.

Q: T F The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Q: What is reasoning from specific instances? Illustrate your answer with an example of reasoning from specific instances.

Q: T F The two major elements of logos are evidence and emotional appeal.

Q: What is the difference between reasoning from principle and reasoning from specific instances? Give an example of your own choosing of both kinds of reasoning.

Q: T F Reasoning is the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence.

Q: Your textbook discusses three methods of generating emotional appeal in a persuasive speech. The three methods are: a. b. c.

Q: T F Research indicates that listeners are more likely to be persuaded by evidence that is new to them than by facts and figures they already know.

Q: What role does the speakers credibility play in the success or failure of a persuasive speech? Identify and explain two specific steps a speaker can take to boost her or his credibility when speaking to persuade.

Q: T F Evidence from competent, credible sources is more persuasive than evidence from biased or self-interested sources.

Q: What are the two factors of speaker credibility discussed in your text? How does each affect the success of a persuasive speech?

Q: T F Evidence from biased or self-interested sources is more persuasive than evidence from impartial sources.

Q: T F Research indicates that evidence is usually more persuasive when it is stated in general rather than specific terms.

Q: The fallacy of _______________ assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Q: T F Research indicates that evidence is usually more persuasive when it is stated in specific rather than general terms.

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the fallacy of _______________ : We should buy the new toothpaste I saw advertised. Because its new, it will definitely be better than ours.

Q: T F Research shows that skeptical listeners are more likely to be persuaded by evidence they are already familiar with than by evidence that is new to them.

Q: The _______________ fallacy forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Q: T F Research has shown that speakers with high initial credibility need to use more evidence than speakers with low initial credibility.

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the _______________ fallacy: Our company has only two optionseither to cut employee benefits or to lay off large numbers of workers.

Q: T F Studies have shown that speakers with low initial credibility need to use more evidence than speakers with high initial credibility.

Q: The _______________ fallacy assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Q: T F One of the reasons to use evidence when speaking to persuade is that it can enhance your credibility.

Q: T F One of the reasons to use evidence when speaking to persuade is that it can make your listeners more resistant to counterpersuasion.

Q: The fallacy of _______________ assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Q: T F Evidence is especially crucial when your target audience opposes your point of view.

Q: T F Persuasive speakers should imagine how their listeners might object to what they say and refute those objections with evidence.

Q: T F Supporting materials that are used to prove or disprove something are called evidence.

Q: T F According to your textbook, the aspect of a speakers delivery that is most likely to boost his or her credibility with an audience is to deliver the speech with genuine conviction.

Q: The _______________ fallacy is sometimes referred to as a false dilemma.

Q: T F Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the introduction of a persuasive speech.

Q: T F Research shows that a speakers credibility is strongly affected by his or her delivery.

Q: _______________ is the fallacy of attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Q: T F Speakers who explain their expertise on the speech topic are likely to reduce their credibility with the audience.

Q: T F As explained in your textbook, establishing common ground with your audience is an excellent way to boost your credibility.

Q: The _______________ fallacy introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the issue at hand.

Q: T F Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the conclusion of a persuasive speech.

Q: T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Q: T F A speaker can have high credibility for one audience and low credibility for another audience.

Q: The fallacy of _______________ mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second.

Q: T F A speaker can have high credibility on one topic and low credibility on another topic.

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the fallacy of _______________ : Whenever the number of ice cream sales increases in a coastal area, so does the number of shark attacks. If we want to keep our beaches safe, we have to close our ice cream stands.

Q: T F A speakers credibility can change during the course of her or his speech.

Q: T F A speaker can begin a speech with high credibility but end the speech with low credibility.

Q: The _______________ fallacy mistakenly assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Q: T F A speakers credibility is affected by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

Q: T F According to your textbook, derived credibility refers to the credibility that comes from everything a speaker has accomplished during her or his lifetime.

Q: According to your textbook, an error in reasoning is called a _______________ .

Q: T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the start of the speech.

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of _______________ reasoning: School administrators in Long Beach, California, report that school uniforms have reduced school crime by 36 percent, increased attendance by 22 percent, and decreased student suspensions by 32 percent. If such a policy works in Long Beach, it can work in our school district.

Q: T F The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak is called initial credibility.

Q: According to your textbook, _______________ reasoning compares two similar cases and suggests that what is true of the one case is also true of the other.

Q: T F Derived credibility refers to the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself.

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of _______________ reasoning: President John Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The Beatles hit the top of the charts for the first time less than a month later. Can there be any doubt that the Beatles rise to popularity was brought about partly by Kennedys death, which left a void in the hearts of Americas youth that was quickly filled by the dynamic singing group?

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of reasoning from _______________ . Taking a life is morally justified only if it is necessary to save the life of another person. Capital punishment is not necessary to save anyones life because a sentence of life without parole can prevent convicted murderers from ever killing again. Therefore, capital punishment is not morally justified.

Q: According to your textbook, reasoning from _______________ moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Q: T F The more favorably listeners view a speakers competence and character, the more likely they are to accept what the speaker says.

Q: According to your textbook, _______________ reasoning seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Q: T F The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak is called derived credibility.

Q: T F Physical attractiveness and charisma are the most important factors affecting a speakers credibility.

Q: T F What many teachers refer to as source credibility was called ethos by Aristotle.

Q: According to your textbook, reasoning from _______________ moves from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.

Q: T F Competence and character are the most important factors affecting a speakers credibility.