Q&A Hero

Q: Speakers who use the appeal to _____ phrase arguments to suggest that the audience should agree with the claim because that is the way it has always been done.

Q: In the ______ fallacy, the speaker's argument relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion.

Q: An attack on the opponent instead of on the opponent's argument is called a(n) ______ argument.

Q: A false or erroneous statement, or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning, is called a logical ______.

Q: Warrants by ______ compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one case is true in the other.

Q: Any information in support of a claim that originates with sources other than the audience's knowledge and opinions or the speaker's expertise is called a secondary source or ______ evidence.

Q: Claims of ______ recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved.

Q: Claims of ______ address issues of judgmentwhether something is right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy.

Q: Claims of ______ focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen.

Q: A(n) ______ is a statement that provides a logical connection between a claim and its evidence.

Q: A(n) ______ is a stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue.

Q: Give an example of an ad hominem argument.

Q: Give an example of an either-or fallacy.

Q: List two reasons why it is important to be able to identify fallacious reasoning.

Q: Describe how a speaker can use two-sided messages in a persuasive speech.

Q: Give an example of how warrants sometimes rely on an audience's beliefs about the credibility of a source of evidence.

Q: List and explain the three tests of evidence.

Q: Provide three examples of external evidence.

Q: Discuss one aspect of culture speakers should consider in a persuasive speech.

Q: Give an example of a claim of policy.

Q: Give an example of a claim of value.

Q: Explain the differences between a claim, evidence, and warrants.

Q: What is an argument, and why is it important for a speaker to understand how to construct one?

Q: I don't believe anything Juanita says because no one with any brains has a pierced nose. This statement is an example of A) begging the question. B) bandwagoning. C) an overgeneralization. D) an ad hominem argument.

Q: Hazing on campus should be permitted because fraternities and sororities have been doing it since this college was established. This statement is an example of A) begging the question. B) bandwagoning. C) a red herring fallacy. D) an appeal to tradition.

Q: Adopted children should have the right to learn the identities of their birth parents because they are adopted. This statement is an example of A) begging the question. B) bandwagoning. C) an overgeneralization. D) an ad hominem argument.

Q: A speaker who anticipates counterarguments and then addresses or rebuts them is delivering a(n) A) authoritative warrant. B) one-sided message. C) speculative claim. D) two-sided message.

Q: A warrant that compares two similar cases and implies that what is true in one case is true in the other is a A) warrant by sign. B) warrant by analogy. C) warrant by cause. D) warrant by evidence.

Q: ______ warrants appeal to the audience's reasoning. A) Speculative B) Motivational C) Authoritative D) Substantive

Q: Warrants that rely on an audience's beliefs about the credibility or acceptability of a source of evidence are termed ______ warrants. A) speculative B) motivational C) authoritative D) substantive

Q: Warrants that appeal to the audience's emotions are called ______ warrants. A) speculative B) motivational C) authoritative D) substantive

Q: Secondary sources are also called A) second-hand sources. B) outside sources. C) secondary research. D) external evidence.

Q: It should be socially acceptable for mothers to nurse their babies in public. This statement is a claim of A) value. B) fact. C) policy. D) proposition.

Q: Five Guys is the best hamburger chain in the U.S. This statement is a claim of A) value. B) fact. C) policy. D) generalization.

Q: Decaffeinated coffee has many of the same health benefits as regular coffee. This statement is a claim of A) value. B) fact. C) policy. D) proposition.

Q: A claim is also called A) a proposition. B) a policy. C) a value. D) a testimony.

Q: An argument consists of A) a claim, opinions, and a conclusion. B) a claim, evidence, and warrants. C) a claim, fallacies, and opinions. D) a claim, warrants, and a conclusion.

Q: Slippery slope arguments make faulty assumptions that one case will lead to a series of events or actions. A) True B) False

Q: Ad hominem arguments attack the person's argument rather than the person making the argument. A) True B) False

Q: The either-or fallacy poses an argument stated in terms of only two alternatives. A) True B) False

Q: A speaker who relies on the bandwagoning fallacy poses arguments that use general opinions as their bases. A) True B) False

Q: All my friends have tattoos, so I should have one, too is an example of begging the question. A) True B) False

Q: Using a circular thought pattern, begging the question is a fallacy in which an argument is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, even though no evidence has been presented. A) True B) False

Q: A logical fallacy is either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning. A) True B) False

Q: If the audience is aware of counterarguments and the speaker raises and refutes them, the speaker risks losing credibility with the audience. A) True B) False

Q: In a two-sided message, a speaker will mention opposing points of view and sometimes attempt to refute them. A) True B) False

Q: Stating that Universal health care works in Canada, so it would work in the United States is an example of a warrant by analogy. A) True B) False

Q: Warrants by cause compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one case is true in the other. A) True B) False

Q: The two types of substantive warrants that occur most commonly in speeches are causation and analogy. A) True B) False

Q: Substantive warrants operate on the basis of an audience's beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence. A) True B) False

Q: The success or failure of authoritative warrants rests on how highly the audience regards the authority figure. A) True B) False

Q: More often than not, motivational warrants are stated outright rather than implied. A) True B) False

Q: Narratives, testimony, and facts drawn from an outside source are examples of external evidence. A) True B) False

Q: External evidence can be thought of as supporting material. A) True B) False

Q: The speaker's own knowledge, opinions, and expertise should never be used as evidence. A) True B) False

Q: A claim of value consists of a need or a problem, a solution, and evidence of the solution's feasibility. A) True B) False

Q: Claims of policy generally contain the word should and speak to an ought condition. A) True B) False

Q: Claims of policy recommend that a specific course of action be taken. A) True B) False

Q: Claims of value address issues of judgment and attempt to show that something is right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy. A) True B) False

Q: Speculative claims focus on conditions that actually exist or have existed in the past. A) True B) False

Q: A warrant declares a speaker's conclusion about some state of affairs. A) True B) False

Q: Supporting material that provides grounds for belief in a claim is called evidence. A) True B) False

Q: An argument is a stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue. A) True B) False

Q: Arguments are composed of three elements: claims, evidence, and reasoning. A) True B) False

Q: Speaker ______ is based on audience perceptions of and attitudes toward the speaker's perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and similarity to audience members.

Q: The ______ theory of persuasion maintains that people consciously evaluate the potential costs and benefits associated with taking a particular action.

Q: A contemporary persuasive model used by speakers and formulated by Abraham Maslow is Maslow's ______.

Q: In classical terms, a speaker's moral character is called ______.

Q: A speaker who identifies and appeals to the audience's emotions employs the classical rhetorical proof known as ______.

Q: According to Aristotle, persuasion can be brought about by the speaker's use of _______ types of persuasive appeals.

Q: Persuasive speeches limit the audience's _______.

Q: Speech that is intended to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior of others is called ______ speaking.

Q: Explain how a speaker can use expectancy value theory to persuade an audience.

Q: Why is it important for audience members to perceive the speaker as similar to themselves?

Q: Why are the audience's perceptions of the speaker's trustworthiness more important than their perceptions of the speaker's expertise?

Q: How do the listeners' feelings toward the speaker influence how receptive an audience will be toward the speaker's message?

Q: Discuss how a persuasive speaker can effectively use the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion to make a speech more persuasive.

Q: Explain the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (ELM), and then discuss central and peripheral processing.

Q: Explain how Maslow's hierarchy of needs relates to persuasive speaking.

Q: How do the audience's perceptions of the speaker's moral character affect the outcome of a persuasive speech?