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Speech
Q:
____ involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems differ enough to alter communication events.
a. intercultural communication
b. internationalization
c. globalization
d. cultural divides
e. Egoism
Q:
What is the preferred term for the group that "generally exercises the greatest influence on beliefs, values, perceptions, communication patterns, and customs of a culture?"
a. mainstream culture
b. dominant culture
c. umbrella culture
d. meta culture
e. mega culture
Q:
Culture shock refers to:
a. major changes originating within one's home culture
b. a mental state experienced by an individual when transitioning between a familiar culture to an unfamiliar culture
c. major changes originating outside one's home culture
d. the perception that one's home culture is overwhelmed by external cultural forces
e. C and D
Q:
At what stage of culture shock does a person begin to recognize the reality of the new setting?
a. adaptation
b. exhilaration
c. disenchantment
d. adjustment
e. effective functioning
Q:
Early conceptualizations of culture shock included this concept, although subsequent research failed to support.
a. re-entry shock
b. the U model
c. the W model
d. B and C
e. A, B, and C.
Q:
The process of learning to live in a new culture is referred to as:
a. immersion
b. acculturation
c. emulation
d. integration
e. inclusion
Q:
A conviction that one's own culture is superior to all other cultures is known as:
a. ethnocentrism
b. egoism
c. endoculturalism
d. multiculturalism
e. plurisy
Q:
Which ethical approach supports the view that "ethical principles are universally applied... and timeless moral truths are rooted in human nature and independent of the conventions of particular societies?"
a. fundamentalism
b. relativism
c. moral absolutism
d. A and C
e. none of the above
Q:
The philosophical perspective of relativism can be succinctly summarized as:
a. no single morality
b. no moral framework that is more correct than any other
c. true moral codes apply to everyone
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
Q:
The idea that "one must suspend judgment of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms" is referred to as:
a. cultural relativism
b. altercentrism
c. objectivism
d. cultural perceptualism
e. foundationalism
Q:
Which of the following is an example of global interconnectedness presented in the text?
a. the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Tsunami
b. The European Union's Sovereign Debt crisis
c. the debate on U.S. Immigration policy
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C
Q:
It is difficult for clinicians to make a differential diagnosis from pure apraxia, aphasia alone, or with aphasia and apraxia of speech, as well as a between apraxia and literal paraphasic errors of aphasia and ___________s aphasia.
Q:
___________ is a procedure developed in the 1950s as an articulation treatment for children that requires the patient to carefully watch the clinicians face while listening to a verbal production of a target word, often used in auditory kinematic treatments.
Q:
Which of the following should NOT be a factor in determining the choice of procedure to use with a given patient with apraxia of speech? A. the patients preference B. the clinicians preference C. the preference of the patients partner D. the severity of the apraxia
Q:
The neural network thought to control the sequencing of speech movements is called the ___________.
Q:
The most common cause of apraxia of speech is ___________.
Q:
Prosody abnormalities, slow speech rate characterized by lengthened productions of vowels, consonants, or both and with pauses between phrases, words, syllables, or phonemes and often filled with a schwa are examples of ___________ clinical characteristics of apraxia of speech, as they tend to be present in the speech of a person with apraxia of speech.
Q:
Apraxia of speech is a subcategory of: A. ideational apraxia B. limb apraxia C. nonverbal oral apraxia D. ideomotor apraxia
Q:
A disturbance in the performance needed to complete an action is: A. ideational apraxia B. limb apraxia C. nonverbal apraxia D. ideomotor apraxia
Q:
A disturbance in the idea or purpose of a movement is: A. ideational apraxia B. limb apraxia C. nonverbal apraxia D. ideomotor apraxia
Q:
The difference between nonverbal oral apraxia and apraxia of speech is that: A. nonverbal oral apraxia is an ideomotor apraxia while apraxia of speech is an ideational apraxia B. nonverbal oral apraxia is commonly seen in individuals with left hemisphere damage, while apraxia of speech is commonly seen in individuals with right hemisphere damage C. nonverbal oral apraxia is a disturbance in the sequencing of oral movements that are unrelated to speech production, while apraxia of speech is a disturbance in the sequencing of the oral movements in speech production D. nonverbal oral apraxia often co-occurs with aphasia, while apraxia of speech does not co-occur with aphasia
Q:
Ideomotor apraxia typically affects: A. voluntary movements far more often than spontaneous movements or automatic movements B. spontaneous movements far more often than voluntary movements C. automatic movements far more often than voluntary movements D. voluntary movements as equally as spontaneous movements
Q:
Apraxia of speech is primarily a disorder of: A. respiration and prosody B. articulation and respiration C. articulation and phonation D. articulation and prosody
Q:
When diagnosing apraxia of speech, Brookshire (2007) listed four conditions that can cause errors that appear similar to those in apraxia of speech that must be ruled out. They are:
A. nonverbal oral apraxia, hearing loss, comprehension deficits, and incoordination
B. muscle weakness, sensory loss, comprehension deficits, and incoordination
C. muscle weakness, hearing loss, comprehension deficits, and incoordination
D. muscle rigidity, sensory loss, comprehension deficits, and inconsistency
Q:
Which patient will typically demonstrate more apraxic speech errors? A. the patient with mild apraxia of speech B. the patient with moderate apraxia of speech C. the patient with severe apraxia of speech D. all patients typically demonstrate the same frequency of errors
Q:
What is one of the most sensitive evaluation tasks for identifying apraxia of speech? A. sequential motion rate (SMR) tasks, particularly when compared with the patients performance on the alternating motion rate (AMR) task B. conversational speech and reading aloud C. repeating words of increasing length D. reading or repeating low-frequency, multisyllabic words in isolation or in sentences
Q:
Which of the following behaviors is NOT an exclusionary characteristic that would rule out apraxia of speech? A. fast rate of speech B. normal rate of speech C. articulation errors during repeated utterances that are generally consistent for type of error and location D. normal prosody
Q:
Nearly all treatments for apraxia of speech are: A. medically based procedures B. surgically based procedures C. prosthetic based interventions D. behaviorally based procedures
Q:
Treatments that concentrate on improving the timing and placement of articulatory movements through modeling, positioning of the articulators, and repetition are called: A. articulatory kinematic treatments B. rate and rhythm procedures C. alternative and augmentative communication procedures D. intersystemic facilitation and reorganization treatments
Q:
Once more than one motor system is involved, a(n) ___________ dysarthria will occur.
Q:
A(n) ___________ dysarthria is one in which a patients neurologic damage is restricted to a single anatomical portion of the motor system.
Q:
The errors in apraxia of speech are caused by: A. muscle weakness B. abnormal muscle tone C. deficits in sequencing motor movements D. decreased muscle steadiness
Q:
When distinguishing dysarthria from apraxia of speech, which is NOT true? A. The speech errors in apraxia tend to increase as word length and complexity increase, while the errors in dysarthria usually are fairly constant irrespective of word length and complexity. B. Apraxia of speech can result in articulatory groping, which is unusual in dysarthria. C. Apraxia of speech usually occurs after damage to the perisylvian area of the language dominant hemisphere, while dysarthria can be the result of damage to diverse parts of the nervous system. D. Apraxia of speech co-occurs much less frequently with aphasia than dysarthria does.
Q:
A rare hereditary disease that prevents normal metabolism of dietary copper is: A. multisystems atrophy B. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) C. Wilsons disease D. Friedreichs ataxia
Q:
An untreatable, rare, inherited, progressive disorder that causes neuron degeneration in the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord with death occurring within 10 to 15 years after the initial appearance of the symptoms is: A. multisystems atrophy B. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) C. Wilsons disease D. Friedreichs ataxia
Q:
A relentlessly fatal disease resulting in progressive degeneration of motor neurons with death a few months or years after onset is: A. multisystems atrophy B. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) C. Wilsons disease D. Friedreichs ataxia
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a form of multisystems atrophy? A. Shy-Drager syndrome B. progressive supranuclear palsy C. olivopontocerebellar atrophy D. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Q:
The disease that can affect motor neurons in any of four areas of the motor system, including the spinal nerves, cranial nerves, upper motor neurons of corticospinal tracts, and upper motor neurons of corticobulbar tracts is: A. multisystems atrophy B. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) C. Wilsons disease D. Friedreichs ataxia
Q:
A patient could have a mixed dysarthria with: A. lower motor neuron involvement B. upper motor neuron involvement C. upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron involvement D. cranial nerve involvement
Q:
What type of mixed dysarthria is most noted in Wilsons disease? A. ataxic-spastic-hypokinetic mixed B. flaccid-spastic mixed C. ataxic-spastic-hyperkinetic mixed D. flaccid-spastic-ataxic mixed
Q:
The general rule in treating mixed dysarthria is to treat the component that is: A. least severe B. most annoying to the clinician C. most severe D. in need of the least effort on the patients part
Q:
Dworkin (1991) recommends that when elements of a mixed dysarthria are affecting speech production equally, treatment be sequenced in this manner, from first treated to last treated: A. respiration, resonation, phonation, articulation, and lastly, prosody B. resonation, phonation, articulation, respiration, and lastly, prosody C. prosody, resonation, phonation, articulation, and lastly, respiration D. respiration, prosody, resonation, phonation, and lastly, articulation
Q:
___________ is the most common progressive demyelinating disease that can affect more than one motor system.
Q:
Patients with ALS may eventually become nonverbal, needing ___________.
Q:
Because there are multiple speech deficits that are usually present in mixed dysarthria, both beginning and experienced clinicians often find it ___________ to diagnose.
Q:
Multiple sclerosis can occur in: A. only the brainstem and cerebellum B. the brainstem, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, and spinal cord C. only in the brainstem and spinal cord D. in the brainstem, cerebellum, or the spinal cord but only to one at a time
Q:
What is the most common mixed dysarthria found in multiple sclerosis? A. hyperkinetic-hypokinetic B. ataxic-spastic C. flaccid-ataxic D. lower motor neuron-flaccid
Q:
A collective term for a group of degenerative disorders, many of which include parkinsonian symptoms, is: A. multisystems atrophy B. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) C. Wilsons disease D. Friedreichs ataxia
Q:
Which is NOT true of dystonia? A. Dystonia causes involuntary, prolonged muscle contractions that interfere with normal movement or posture. B. Dystonic movements typically have a slower, more sustained quality than those seen in chorea. C. Dystonic muscular contractions may appear and disappear during an ongoing movement. D. In severe cases, the contractions lessen with fewer tremors noted.
Q:
What are some disorders with dystonia as a primary symptom? A. myoclonus, chorea, and tics B. spasmodic torticollis and chronic drug-induced dystonia C. Huntingtons disease and Alzheimers D. spasmodic torticollis and cerebral anoxia
Q:
What is the most prominent speech error in dystonia? A. articulation B. phonation C. respiration D. prosody
Q:
What are the key evaluation tasks for hyperkinetic dysarthria? A. vowel prolongation, AMRs, and monosyllable words B. vowel prolongation, AMRs, and medical records C. vowel prolongation, AMRs, and singing D. vowel prolongation, AMRs, conversational speech and reading, and careful observation of the associated involuntary movements
Q:
What is the most common treatment for hyperkinetic dysarthria? A. psychological B. behavioral C. drug-based D. surgical
Q:
___________ is distinguished by brief contractions of a single muscle or body part, with contractions occurring singly, in a repeating irregular pattern, or rhythmically.
Q:
___________ are motor or vocal behaviors that can be controlled voluntarily until the compulsive desire to perform the behavior becomes overwhelming.
Q:
___________ is the most successful medication for hyperkinetic disorder.
Q:
___________ is a disorder characterized by involuntary vocal-fold movements during phonation and has many features of a focal dystonia.
Q:
A(n) ___________ is an idiosyncratic strategy sometimes successful in temporarily alleviating dystonic muscular contractions.
Q:
Mixed dysarthria is the result of: A. unilateral upper motor neuron damage B. bilateral upper motor neuron damage C. damage to the spinal nerves D. damage to two or more parts of the nervous system
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true of mixed dysarthrias? A. They are a combination of pure dysarthrias. B. A mixed dysarthria is a combination of only two single dysarthrias. C. The extent of the neurologic damage determines which characteristics of each single dysarthria appear in a particular diagnosis of mixed dysarthria. D. Mixed dysarthria will demonstrate at least some of the speech characteristics of two or more dysarthrias.
Q:
Which component of speech is most affected by chorea? A. articulation B. phonation C. respiration D. prosody
Q:
What would NOT be an example of a mixed dysarthria? A. a brainstem stroke affecting lower and upper motor neurons due to their close proximity to one another B. traumatic head injury with damage to both the cerebellum and various cranial nerves C. a patient with parkinsonism who has right hemisphere stroke, causing hypokinetic and unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria D. a stroke with damage to the bilateral upper motor neurons
Q:
In patients with chorea, unexpected inhalations and exhalations of air are noted due to: A. involuntary movements of the chest or diaphragm B. involuntary movements that alter normal timing of velar elevation C. variable rate D. voluntary movements of the chest or diaphragm
Q:
The most common hyperkinetic movement disorder is: A. chorea B. myoclonus C. essential (or organic) tremor D. dystonia
Q:
Which is NOT true of characteristics when distinguishing parkinsonism tremor from essential tremor? A. Essential tremor is slower than parkinsonism tremor. B. Individuals with essential tremor do not have other neurologic symptoms, such as bradykinesia, akinesia, or dementia. C. Essential tremor is an action tremor that disappears at rest; parkinsonian tremor is a resting tremor that decreases during movement. D. Essential tremor is faster than parkinsonism tremor.
Q:
Regarding L-dopa, which of the following is NOT true? A. It is a chemical that can reach the striatum and then is converted into dopamine by the brain. B. L-Dopa can significantly reduce tremor, bradykinesia, akinesia, and rigidity in many hypokinetic movement disorders. C. L-Dopa has the greatest positive impact on speech. D. Side effects of L-dopa range from minor to severe.
Q:
___________, which is complete loss of phonation, may occur in connected speech of patients with hypokinetic dysarthria.
Q:
Two general types of surgical treatment for parkinsonism are ___________ and deep brain stimulation.
Q:
___________ is a delay in the initiation of movements and is yet another common characteristic of parkinsonism.
Q:
A significant amount of research has concentrated on using ___________ to treat parkinsonism; however, although results are positive, they are preliminary with further testing needed.
Q:
___________, used in rate reduction, is an electronic device that feeds patients their own voice after a short delay.
Q:
What is the cause of hyperkinetic dysarthria? A. damage to upper motor neurons B. damage to lower motor neurons C. damage to spinal nerves D. damage to the basal ganglia
Q:
Hyperkinetic means: A. too little movement B. too much movement C. uncoordinated movement D. lack of movement
Q:
The function of the basal ganglia is not well understood because: A. it was only recently discovered to cause much dysfunction B. the components of the complex basal ganglia are not fully understood C. research money does not fund study of this structure D. its function is not significant enough to study
Q:
Which of the following disorders can cause hyperkinetic dysarthria? A. chorea, myasthenia gravis, and tremors B. cholera, myoclonus, tics, tumors, and dystonia C. chorea, myoclonus, tics, essential tremor, and dystonia D. chronic fatigue syndrome, myoclonus, tics, essential tremor, and dystonia
Q:
A progressive, inherited (autosomal dominant) disorder caused by gradual degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex is: A. Sydenhams chorea B. tardive dyskinesia C. Alzheimers disease D. Huntingtons disease
Q:
What component of speech production will more or less be equally affected by hyperkinetic movements? A. articulation, phonation, respiration, and resonance B. phonation, respiration, and resonance C. articulation, phonation, respiration, resonance, and prosody D. articulation, phonation, resonance, and prosody
Q:
What forms of parkinsonism is most likely to be present in children? A. idiopathic Parkinsons disease B. neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism C. postencephalitic parkinsonism D. generic Parkinsons disease
Q:
Regarding stroke and parkinsonism, what is NOT true? A. It is rare that a single stroke causes parkinsonian symptoms. B. A single stroke to the basal ganglia would cause gradual onset of parkinsonian symptoms. C. It is more likely that parkinsonian symptoms will appear in an individual who has suffered multiple strokes. D. Numerous associated disorders would most likely exist in an individual who suffered multiple strokes, including other motor system deficits, visuospatial impairments, and speech and language problems.
Q:
What are some of the most common speech characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria? A. harsh vocal quality, increased stress, monoloudness, and imprecise consonants B. harsh vocal quality, increased stress, variable loudness, and imprecise consonants C. harsh vocal quality, reduced stress, monoloudness, and imprecise consonants D. harsh vocal quality, reduced stress, variable loudness, and imprecise consonants