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Speech
Q:
What is the cause of hyperkinetic dysarthria? A. damage to upper motor neurons B. damage to lower motor neurons C. damage to spinal nerves D. damage to the basal ganglia
Q:
The striatum is made up of the: A. caudate nucleus and globus pallidus B. caudate nucleus and putamen C. globus pallidus and putamen D. globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Q:
Two important neurotransmitters that the basal ganglia depend on for balanced interaction are: A. dopamine and acetylcholine B. dopamine and substantia nigra C. dopamine and striatum D. dopamine and L-dopa
Q:
What is the single most cause of hypokinetic dysarthria? A. stroke B. neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism C. idiopathic Parkinsons disease D. traumatic brain injury
Q:
In what percentage of cases are L-dopa treatments successful in treating most of the major symptoms of idiopathic Parkinsons disease? A. 5% 7% B. 35%-50% C. 50%-75% D. near 85%
Q:
In what percentage of cases of idiopathic Parkinsons disease does dementia occur? A. 8% - 30% B. 40% - 60% C. 75% - 90% D. 100%
Q:
The pathway that contains tracts that allow the cerebellum to receive preliminary information from the cortex regarding planned movements is called the: A. cerebellar peduncle B. inferior peduncle C. middle peduncle D. superior peduncle
Q:
The tract that receives sensory information from the entire body about the position of body parts before, during, and after a movement is called the: A. cerebellar peduncle B. inferior peduncle C. middle peduncle D. superior peduncle
Q:
The pathway which is the cerebellums main output channel to the rest of the CNS, providing several destinations for the neurons coursing through it is the: A. cerebellar peduncle B. inferior peduncle C. middle peduncle D. superior peduncle
Q:
The neurons that course through the three cerebellar pathways are called: A. upper motor neurons B. lower motor neurons C. cerebellar controlled webs D. cerebellar control circuits
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding hypokinetic dysarthria is TRUE? A. In several ways, hypokinetic dysarthria is unique. B. It is the only dysarthria in which decreased rate of speech may be one of the symptoms. C. It is the only dysarthria in which the vast majority of cases share the same causative factor (stroke). D. It has one cause.
Q:
What parkinsonism symptoms have the greatest affect on speech? A. muscle rigidity, reduced range of motion, and slowed movement B. muscle weakness, reduced range of motion, and slowed movement C. muscle rigidity, reduced range of motion, and increased movement D. muscle weakness, reduced range of motion, and increased movement
Q:
Regarding parkinsonism, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Individuals with parkinsonism usually demonstrate decreased muscle tone. B. Resting tremors are least noticeable when the body is not moving. C. Individuals with parkinsonism generally present with decreased muscle strength. D. Symptoms are caused by dysfunction in the basal ganglia.
Q:
What is known about rigidity and spasticity? A. With spasticity, increasing resistance to the passive movement is followed by an abrupt increase in resistance of the muscle being tested. B. Rigidity demonstrates a more or less constant weakening when provided passive movement. C. Spasticity is the result of decreased muscle tone. D. Rigidity and spasticity are both the result of increased muscle tone.
Q:
Which is NOT a primary symptom of parkinsonism? A. tremor B. bradykinesia C. rigidity D. pseudobulbar affect
Q:
Ataxic dysarthria is associated with damage to the: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. upper motor neurons D. lower motor neurons
Q:
Which speech systems are most impacted by ataxic dysarthria? A. respiration and phonation B. processing and prosody C. articulation and prosody D. articulation and resonance
Q:
The cerebellum is a very important part of the: A. sensory system B. processing system C. motor system D. hearing system
Q:
Deficits in the performance of complex movements resulting in jerky, uncoordinated movements instead of smooth, coordinated movements are sometimes called ___________.
Q:
___________ occur when different muscle groups work against each other rather than in coordination.
Q:
One rate control task involves reciting syllables to a(n) ___________.
Q:
B
Q:
Regarding prosody, most patients with ataxic dysarthria need to work on: A. rate control B. rate control, as well as stress and intonation tasks C. stress and intonation tasks D. nothing, as prosody is not a common area of deficit in patients with ataxic dysarthria
Q:
Three bundles of neural tracts through which the cerebellum communicates with the rest of the CNS are called ___________.
Q:
The movement deficits of timing, force, range, and direction are known as ___________.
Q:
Treatment of unilateral upper motor neuron disorder includes: A. surgery B. traditional articulation tasks C. injections D. primarily nonspeech oral motor exercises
Q:
Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria is primarily a disorder of ___________.
Q:
Tasks in which a patient is given a list of words or sentences to read as the clinician turns away from the patient are called ___________.
Q:
Educating patients on correct positioning of the articulators before they attempt to produce a target sound is called ___________.
Q:
Exaggerating consonants is also known as ___________.
Q:
Minimal contrast drills require the patient to concentrate n producing pairs of words that vary by only one___________.
Q:
The cerebellum influences speech production through: A. lower motor neurons and the corticocerebellar control circuit B. upper motor neurons and the corticocerebellar control circuit C. the corticocerebellar control circuit and its connections to the extrapyramidal system D. the extrapyramidal system, upper motor neurons, and lower motor neurons
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a cause of ataxic dysarthria? A. cancerous tumors B. prolonged vitamin E deficiency C. virus of the gastrointestinal tract D. long- or short-term alcohol consumption
Q:
The most prevalent speech error in this type of dysarthria is: A. hyponasality B. hypernasality C. distorted vowels D. imprecise consonant production
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a prosodic deficit present in the speech of individuals with ataxic dysarthria? A. inappropriate silences B. prolonged phonemes C. monopitch D. slow rate
Q:
Regarding phonation of individuals with ataxic dysarthria, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Voice tremors are very common phonatory deficits in ataxic dysarthria. B. Few patients with ataxic dysarthria present with phonatory deficits. C. Harsh vocal quality is the most prominent phonatory deficit in ataxic dysarthria. D. Phonatory deficits are caused by decreased muscle tone in the laryngeal and respiratory structures, preventing full contraction of these muscle groups.
Q:
Key evaluation tasks for ataxic dysarthria include: A. speech alternate motion rates, as well as reading, conversational speech, and repeating sentences containing numerous multisyllabic words B. speech alternate motion rates, as well as singing the alphabet C. speech alternate motion rates, as well as reading monosyllabic words D. speech alternate motion rates, as well as reading, conversational speech, and repeating sentences containing numerous monosyllabic words
Q:
Most patients with ataxic dysarthria who need to work on respiration benefit from: A. strengthening their respiration abilities B. relaxing their respiration abilities C. controlling their airflow more accurately during speech D. using an augmentative communication device
Q:
Duffy (2005) reported that when prosody is affected, the most likely cause is: A. excess and equal stress B. increased rate of speech segments C. pitch errors D. slightly slow rate of speech
Q:
Which of the following provide valuable diagnostic information for unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria? A. reading words, AMR tasks, and vowel prolongations B. conversational speech and reading, SMR tasks, and vowel prolongations C. medical records, conversational speech or reading a paragraph, AMR tasks, and prolonged vowels D. medical records and vowel prolongation
Q:
Brain damage from lack of oxygen in the blood is called ___________.
Q:
The difference between the hypernasality noted in spastic dysarthria and flaccid dysarthria is that hypernasality is spastic dysarthria does not generally include ___________.
Q:
Of the following statements regarding unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, which of the following is FALSE? A. It was relatively recently that this dysarthria was recognized as a motor speech disorder. B. The available definitions of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria all mention articulation deficits as primary characteristics of this dysarthria. C. Darley et al. classified unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria as one of the separate dysarthrias before 1980. D. Effects of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria on speech production have been recognized for many years.
Q:
What is the definition of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria? A. Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria is a motor speech disorder caused by unilateral damage to the upper motor neurons that supply cranial nerves and spinal nerves involved in speech production. B. Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria is a cognitive disorder caused by unilateral damage to the upper motor neurons that supply cranial nerves and spinal nerves involved in speech production. C. Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria is a motor speech disorder caused by bilateral damage to the upper motor neurons that supply cranial nerves and spinal nerves involved in speech production. D. Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria is a motor speech disorder caused by unilateral damage to the lower motor neurons that supply cranial nerves and spinal nerves involved in speech production.
Q:
Regarding the neurologic basis of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, which of the following is TRUE? A. Damage occurs to upper motor neurons on one side of the brain. B. It can occur only after damage to the left hemisphere. C. Most of the cranial nerves serving speech muscles receive unilateral innervation from the upper motor neurons. D. Most of the cranial nerves serving speech muscles receive bilateral innervation from the lower motor neurons.
Q:
The most common cause of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria is: A. stroke B. tumors C. traumatic brain injury D. viral infections
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a way a brain tumor can cause unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria? A. A brain tumor may directly cause destruction of nearby upper motor neurons as it grows, degrading the transmission of motor impulses from the higher brain centers to the cranial and spinal nerves. B. A growing tumor may displace and squeeze upper motor neurons as it becomes larger, with the direct pressure from the tumor compromising the function of the neurons. C. The growing tumor may compress the arteries or veins serving upper motor neurons and interfere with normal blood flow to or from these cells, causing a negative effect on the function of the neurons. D. A bilateral brain tumor may grow, causing destruction of nearby upper motor neurons as it enlarges, causing complications to the motor impulses.
Q:
In most cases of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, the effects of this disorder on motor speech disorders are judged to be: A. severe B. mild or moderate C. moderate or severe D. moderate and long-lasting
Q:
In the more serious cases of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, it will probably co-occur with other disorders, such as: A. dysphagia, apraxia, limb hemiparesis, hearing deficits, or cognitive impairments B. aphasia, apraxia, limb hemiparesis, visual deficits, or cognitive impairments C. aphasia, dyscalculia, limb hemiparesis, or viral infections D. aphasia, paraplegia, occulomotor deficits, or cognitive impairments
Q:
Co-occurring speech and language disorders might be difficult to clearly diagnose in unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria because: A. the patient may be in a coma B. the patient may have increased rate of speech segments C. the patient may have limited volume D. the patients verbal output may be limited
Q:
Unilateral upper motor neuron mostly affects the following area: A. phonation B. resonance C. prosody D. articulation
Q:
Unilateral upper motor neuron damage typically affects: A. the tongue and lower face as equally as other speech production structures B. the tongue and lower face much more than it does other speech production structures C. the cheeks and upper face more than the tongue and lower face D. none of the muscles for speech production
Q:
The primary difficulty for nearly all patients with unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria is: A. slow AMRs B. imprecise consonant production C. imprecise AMRs D. irregular AMRs
Q:
Patients with unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria often have mild to moderate harsh vocal quality. What is NOT suggested as a reason for this harshness? A. It is the result of mild vocal-fold weakness or spasticity following unilateral upper motor neuron damage. B. A previously known lesion may be present, which combined with a new upper motor neuron lesion on the opposite side of the brain causes vocal fold spasticity. C. The harsh vocal quality may be dyspepsia that appears normally in geriatric individuals. D. It may be caused by a general medical condition such as illness or inactivity and consequently cannot be attributed directly to upper motor neuron damage.
Q:
Damage to the ___________ system can result in weakness, increased muscle tone (spasticity), and abnormal muscle reflexes.
Q:
A single stroke can cause spastic dysarthria only when it occurs in the ___________.
Q:
What are possible causes of spastic dysarthria? A. stroke, myasthenia gravis, ALS, muscular dystrophy B. traumatic brain injury, ALS, dental surgery, multiple sclerosis C. stroke, ALS, cardiac surgery, muscular dystrophy D. stroke, ALS, traumatic head injury, multiple sclerosis
Q:
Of the five components of speech, which one is the least compromised with the presence of spastic dysarthria? A. respiration B. resonance C. resistance D. phonation
Q:
The most common articulation disorder in patients with spastic dysarthria, according to Darley et al is: A. vowel distortions B. imprecise consonants C. stridors D. lisping
Q:
Uncontrollable crying or laughing that can accompany damage to the upper motor neurons of the brainstem, caused by damage to the areas of the brain that are important in inhibiting emotions is known as: A. bulbar affect B. cognitive impairment C. pseudobulbar affect D. spasms
Q:
Bulbar palsy is: A. used to describe spastic dysarthria B. a general term meaning atrophy and weakness in the muscles innervated through the meninges C. known as false palsy D. a general term meaning atrophy and weakness in muscles innervated through the medulla
Q:
Pseudobulbar palsy is: A. used to describe flaccid dysarthria B. known as false bulbar palsy C. means rapid movements of muscles for speech production D. caused by damage to lower motor neurons
Q:
Of the following statements regarding differential diagnosis between flaccid dysarthria and spastic dysarthria, which one is FALSE? A. Patients with flaccid dysarthria may demonstrate reduced or absent oral reflexes while patients with spastic dysarthria demonstrate hyperreflexes. B. Phonation may have a tight, strained-strangled quality in spastic dysarthria and a breathy quality in spastic dysarthria. C. Hypernasality is often more severe in spastic dysarthria than in flaccid dysarthria. D. Pseudobulbar affect and drooling are associated more with spastic dysarthria than flaccid dysarthria.
Q:
What are three evaluation tasks Duffy (2005) identified to be especially helpful in evoking the speech characteristics most associated with spastic dysarthria? A. conversational speech and reading, AMR tasks, and vowel prolongations B. conversational speech and reading, blowing, and vowel prolongations C. conversational speech, singing, and consonant production D. answering questions, vowel prolongation, and consonant production
Q:
Effective treatment of spastic dysarthria may involve: A. decreasing hyperadduction of the vocal folds, increasing articulatory precision, developing more natural intonation, and decreasing hypernasality B. pushing and pulling type of phonation and respiratory exercises C. most of the time and effort on respiration exercises D. increasing articulatory precision, developing more natural intonation, decreasing hypernasality, and decreasing hyperabduction of the vocal folds
Q:
When treating phonation deficits in spastic dysarthria, which of the following is TRUE? A. Vocal quality is caused by hyperabduction of the vocal folds. B. Relaxation and easy onset exercises are recommended. C. Much research supports the effectiveness of the recommended treatment for phonation exercises. D. Tensing the head and neck is an example of an effective exercise.
Q:
An exercise in which the clinician gently grasps the patients tongue with a gauze pad and carefully pulls it straight forward until resistance is felt is: A. a relaxation exercise to treat phonation deficits B. a drill for articulation treatment C. a tongue stretching exercise to treat articulation deficits D. phonetic placement
Q:
Of the following statements regarding spastic dysarthria, which one is FALSE? A. In nearly all instances, damage will occur in both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. B. Damage must affect both the left and right tract of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. C. Drooling is not prominent in spastic dysarthria. D. Strokes are the most common cause.
Q:
Monopitch, monoloudness, and reduced stress may respond to exercises that help the patient regain the vocal-tract flexibility needed to appropriate vary pitch and loudness, such as: A. speaking with a microphone B. pharyngeal flaps C. minimal contrast pairs D. intonation profiles
Q:
Damage to the ___________ system causes weak and slow movements of the tongue, lips, velum, and other speech structures.
Q:
Spastic dysarthria is caused by bilateral damage to: A. the pyramidal and extrapyramidal neural pathways B. lower motor neurons C. parts of the PNS D. cranial nerves of speech production
Q:
Which cranial nerve has three branches, each having a special importance for speech production? A. trigeminal B. facial C. glossopharyngeal D. vagus
Q:
What cranial nerves neurons are so closely integrated with those of the vagus nerve? A. facial B. glossopharyngeal C. accessory D. hypoglossal
Q:
The spinal nerve that is one of the most important nerves of respiration is the: A. accessory nerve B. vagus nerve C. phrenic nerve D. facial nerve
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a cause of flaccid dysarthria? A. physical trauma B. brainstem stroke C. post-traumatic stress syndrome D. muscular dystrophy
Q:
The most common speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria include: A. hypernasality, imprecise consonants, and breathy voice quality B. hyponasality, imprecise consonants, and breathy voice quality C. hypernasality, overly precise consonants, and breathy voice quality D. hypernasality, imprecise consonants, and harsh vocal quality
Q:
Of the following statements about treatment for flaccid dysarthria, which one is NOT true? A. Treatment may involve surgery. B. Treatment may involve compensatory strategies C. Treatment is effective only when tasks involve strengthening muscles in nonspeech tasks. D. Treatment may involve compensatory prosthetic devices.
Q:
The tongue and lips use what percent of their maximum forces for speech? A. 10 to 30 B. 10 to 50 C. 50 to 75 D. 80 to 90
Q:
The combined presence of what two symptoms is the strongest confirmatory sign that flaccid dysarthria is the correct diagnosis? A. hypernasality and nasal emission B. hyponasality and monoloudness C. hyponasality and varying volume D. hypernasality and phonatory incompetence
Q:
Surgical treatments options for damage to the vagus nerve are: A. a palatal lift and Teflon injection B. a pharyngeal flap and Botox C. Botox and Teflon injection D. a pharyngeal flap and Teflon injection