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Q:
How might gendered stereotypes contribute to more subtle forms of discrimination practiced in organizations today? Explain two stereotypes each for women and for men. Provide an example of how they might be enacted in organizational life. How does each of these limit opportunities?
Q:
What was/were the goal/s of the first wave of the women’s rights movement?
A. woman suffrage—the right to vote
B. women’s right to higher education
C. women’s right to work in the professions
D. women’s right to own property
E. all of the above
Q:
Your Gendered Lives textbook discusses a number of informal organizational practices that contribute to discriminatory practices in organizations today. Define and discuss two of these practices that you believe are most damaging and explain why you believe this. Finally, pick one of the methods to redress gendered inequity and explain how this solution would help address the discriminatory practices discussed in your essay. What are the benefits and limitations of this method?
Q:
What types of strategies were used by the first wave of women’s rights activists in the United States?
A. riots
B. nonviolent protests and hunger strikes
C. pamphlets
D. violent protests
E. all of the above
Q:
Your textbook discusses the effect of outdated norms for career paths on women in the workplace. Describe what those norms are and how they impact women’s careers. If you were to advocate for a change to these paths, what would that change be? Is that change realistic? Why or why not?
Q:
What factors led to the development of liberal feminism?
A. the discrimination women experienced in New Left politics
B. the publication of Susan Faludi’s Backlash
C. the public protest at which women burned their bras
D. the publication of Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique
E. a desire to bring women’s moral perspectives to politics
Q:
Which of the following is true about media portrayals of men and women?
A. Black men are just as likely as white men to be cast in leading roles now.
B. In advertising, men are portrayed as authorities on homemaking tasks.
C. News coverage of women who have been targets of violence tends to focus on their strength and courage.
D. Television shows today focus equally on men’s and women’s careers.
E. All of the above.
Q:
Women won the right to vote in 1920 in part because of the efforts of the members of the ______________ movement, a group that asserted women’s moral superiority.
A. Seneca Falls Convention
B. Revalorists
C. Cult of Domesticity
D. Women’s Suffrage Coalition
E. National Organization for Women
Q:
A hair straightening treatment advertisement that appears next to a magazine article titled, “HOT: New smooth looks for summer hair!” is best described as
A. complimentary copy.
B. product placement.
C. misandry.
D. synergy advertising.
E. an emphasis on visual images, which receives less conscious analysis than verbal claims.
Q:
Glass ceilings
Q:
Using an example from your own life or experience, describe an example of social learning theory in action. Be sure to give sufficient detail from the theory and your experience.
Q:
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
Q:
Biological theories attribute some aspects of masculinity and femininity to the differences between male and female bodies. Yet, the author of your textbook notes that biological differences between women and men are quite small and do not explain most behavioral differences. How should the relationship between biology and gender be understood?
Q:
Informal networks
Q:
The author of your textbook notes that “Using the term man to describe Zac Efron, Barack Obama, and Kanye West obscures the very different ways that these three people enact their identities as men.” Using queer theory, explain what the author means by this statement. How can there be so much variation in a word like man. How is a label like this seen by queer theorists?
Q:
Mentoring relationships
Q:
Equal opportunity laws
Q:
Symbolic interaction theory
Q:
Glass escalator
Q:
Glass walls
Q:
Four-year-old Caroline and seven-year-old Jenny are sisters who live and have been raised in the United States. Jenny plays a game in which she is a mother and her stuffed animals are her children. Jenny hugs them and pretends to carefully feed them. Later, young Caroline repeats the same hugging and feeding behaviors with her dolls. Caroline’s mother sees this and states, “Caroline, someday you’ll be a good mommy.” How would anthropological theory of gender explain Caroline’s behaviors? How would cognitive development theory explain Caroline’s behaviors? Make sure you address “maternal instinct” in your answer.
Q:
The glass escalator is the idea that when women take jobs in male dominated fields, they are often quick to rise through the ranks of those fields.
Q:
Biological theory suggests that men and women’s brains are formed and develop differently, resulting in different behaviors and characteristics.
Q:
Topic or question should be authored by a student. See pages 7-8 of this manual for details on this activity.
Q:
Workplace bullying
Q:
Gender schema
Q:
Maternal wall
Q:
Psychodynamic theory
Q:
Affirmative action policies
Q:
Social learning theory
Q:
Lilly Ledbetter:
Q:
Cognitive development theory
Q:
Performative theory says that gender is not a thing we have, but is instead a thing we do.
Q:
Affirmative action is a quota system that states a number of minorities that must be hired, admitted, or promoted, regardless of qualifications.
Q:
Biological theory says that genes, hormones, and brain structure are the basis of gender difference.
Q:
________ are policies that judge effectiveness based on intention rather than results.
A. Affirmative action
B. Quotas
C. Equal opportunity laws
D. Informal networks
E. All of the above
Q:
The best way to explain sex and gender is through interpersonal and cultural theories.
Q:
At work, Nick feels pressure to be a pillar of strength among his colleagues. When he runs into trouble with a project, he feels like he cannot ask for help because others expect him to be independent and doing so may suggest he is not competent. What stereotype of men in the workplace does this kind of pressure reflect?
A. sturdy oak
B. breadwinner
C. iron man
D. fighter
E. glass wall
Q:
Men and women have hormonal cycles that can affect their behavior.
Q:
Women’s careers can be hampered by which of the following informal practices? A. male mentors who attempt to impose male values and styles on women B. workplace environments that focus on families and relationships C. informal networks that require women to join men in games of golf and other sports, activities most women do not enjoy D. segregation into jobs that offer little or no opportunity for advancement E. all of the above
Q:
According to psychodynamic theories, the first relationship we have fundamentally influences how we define our gender identity.
Q:
Both Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin were judged based on their adherence (or lack thereof) to the sex object stereotype during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign.
Q:
According to psychodynamic theorists, gender identity becomes fixed early in life.
Q:
Fortune 500 companies that have a strong record of promoting women to executive levels outperform other Fortune 500 companies.
Q:
According to standpoint theory, all perspectives on social life are equally insightful.
Q:
In the United States, companies are required to grant leaves to care for new babies or sick family members as mandated by the FMLA.
Q:
Queer theory states that identity categories are limiting and meaningless.
Q:
Because men have dominated in the workplace in the past, many informal networks are largely or exclusively male.
Q:
Which of the following is a reason why women workers tend to lack mentor relationships?
A. Fewer women and minorities hold senior positions in many organizations.
B. Men are often reluctant to mentor women for fear of gossip and innuendo.
C. Men often assume that women are less serious about their careers.
D. Some men are less comfortable with women than men.
E. All of the above.
Q:
Parents’ roles in children’s gender development are seen as unimportant by cognitive development theory.
Q:
When LaKisha does not get a promotion she was expecting, she asks her supervisor to explain what happened. He tells her that the partners in the firm felt that the promotion would have created a lot of pressure on her and they wanted to protect her from that. The partners’ evaluation of LaKisha reflects which stereotype of women?
A. victim
B. mother
C. sex object
D. child
E. none of the above
Q:
At age 3, Bonnie realizes she is female and she wants to become skilled at being a girl. She begins to watch her mother and older sister and to model her behaviors after theirs. Bonnie’s efforts to learn how to act feminine are best explained by which theory?
A. cognitive development
B. social learning
C. psychodynamic (or psychoanalytic)
D. biological
E. both B and C
Q:
The assumption that careers must follow linear, full-time patterns
A. is based on work-patterns of previous eras that assumed a typical employee was a male worker with a stay-at-home wife.
B. leads many women to choose to forego having families.
C. negatively affects both men’s and women’s career trajectories.
D. correctly assumes that workers are most productive and successful when they remain invested in and committed to a job for a long period of time and without interruption.
E. has been rejected by most contemporary major corporations.
Q:
According to standpoint theory
A. people with the most social privilege are most likely to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
B. people who are privileged in some ways but disadvantaged in others are most likely to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
C. people with the least social privilege are most likely to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
D. no group is more likely than another to develop an oppositional stance toward existing power structures.
Q:
Brendan is struggling to understand how to use the new reporting software his company has adopted. Rather than asking the IT director for help, Brendan keeps doing Google searches to try to answer his questions. Brendan is exhibiting what stereotype of men in the workplace?
A. fighter
B. sturdy oak
C. breadwinner
D. athlete
E. cowboy
Q:
David is a stay-at-home father of two young daughters who attends a “mommy and me” playgroup for young children and their caregivers. He is the only male caregiver to attend the group. According to standpoint theory, which statement(s) best explain(s) this scenario?
A. As members of different genders, David and the female caregivers have developed different ways of thinking about parenting, different techniques for parenting, and different skills for parenting.
B. David and the mothers’ viewpoints are limited and partial.
C. David may view parenting differently from the mothers’ perspectives based on their different standpoints.
D. It would be possible for David and the mothers in the group to work to understand the others’ standpoints.
E. All of the above
Q:
Brown v. Board of Education led to what efforts to redress inequities in the United States?
A. equal opportunity laws
B. affirmative action
C. quotas
D. goals
E. sexual harassment laws
Q:
Children learn who they are and what that means in their culture through interaction with parents, teachers, and friends. Through this, they learn gender roles for men and women and may internalize them. Which theory does this definition best describe?
A. cognitive development
B. social learning
C. psychodynamic (or psychoanalytic)
D. biological
E. symbolic interactionism
Q:
Equal opportunity laws
A. apply to groups, not individuals, that have suffered discrimination.
B. deal only with the present—not historical—discrimination.
C. are judged by results, not intent.
D. are the same thing as affirmative action.
E. state how many minorities must be hired, promoted, or admitted at an institution.
Q:
Kate explains, “When I was a little girl, I always wanted to be outside playing and getting dirty. However, my mom dressed me in fussy clothes with lots of ruffles and bows, and dressy shoes that were hard to play in. If I did manage to go outside and I got my clothes and shoes dirty, my mom would be upset with me. I hated wearing those clothes, but I saw how happy it made my mom when I wore them and kept them clean, so I kept on wearing them.”
A. social learning theory
B. cognitive development theory
C. queer theory
D. symbolic interactionism
E. standpoint theory
Q:
Anna and Ben are up for the same promotion at work. When it comes time to make a decision, the management committee chooses Ben for the position because they think Anna’s commitment to being a good mother to her children would prevent her from wanting to take on more responsibilities at the office. Anna has just encountered what?
A. glass walls
B. FMLA
C. affirmative action
D. the glass ceiling
E. none of the above
Q:
“Glass wall” is a metaphor to describe
A. the invisible barrier to women’s advancement in the workplace.
B. a new technology that lets supervisors monitor employees.
C. the difference in pay that women and men receive for the same job.
D. sex segregation of jobs based on stereotypes of women.
E. leave policies that discourage men from taking family leave.
Q:
Affirmative action laws
A. attempt to redress past discrimination for members of historically marginalized groups.
B. apply only to individuals, not groups that have experienced discrimination.
C. judge organizations by the intent of their hiring, admission, and promotion practices rather than end results.
D. sometimes result in unqualified candidates being hired, admitted, or promoted.
E. Mandate a number of people that must be hired, admitted, or promoted at an organization.
Q:
Gender schema theory claims that by the age of two, children use the concept of gender to organize their understandings.
Q:
When parents who seek to promote traditional gendered behaviors in their children reward tomboys for wearing frilly dresses or punish effeminate boys for playing with Barbies, they are assuming which theory of gender?
A. biological theory
B. psychodynamic theory
C. social learning theory
D. symbolic interaction theory
E. standpoint theory
Q:
Identify general patterns of similarities and differences in how masculine and feminine communication occurs within same sex friendships. (To make this question more challenging and integrate Chapter 7 material, add: Explain how these differences grow out of gendered family socialization.)
Q:
Unlike sex, gender is a relational concept. Explain what this means and the implications of it, and give an example that illustrates your point.
Q:
The author of your textbook writes that gendered orientations influence four dimensions of long-term love relationships: modes of expressing care, needs for autonomy and connection, responsibility for relational maintenance, and power. Discuss how heterosexual couples may differ from same-sex couples on two of the four dimensions.
Q:
What is the difference between being transgendered and transsexual?
Q:
Describe the division of labor in a typical heterosexual household. Why does the division exist in this form? Do you think it is possible for the division of labor in the home to be exactly equal? Why or why not?
Q:
Describe three cultural structures and practices that reflect and promote a culture’s views of gender and sex.
Q:
Reflect on a nonromantic, close, same-sex friendship. In what ways does your friendship match or deviate patterns of friendships described in the book?
Q:
Which of the following is generally true?
A. Most women use only the right lobe of their brain.
B. Most men use only the left lobe of their brain.
C. Most men’s brains are more highly integrated than most women’s brains.
D. A and B
E. None of the above
Q:
One way to pose questions for this (and several other) chapters is to present them as advice column questions, with the students being the “experts” who respond. Another similar option is to present a question as if it is the student’s friend asking him/her for advice since the friend knows the student is in a Gender and Communication class. Students tend to enjoy these questions and they give them the opportunity to integrate the material in ways that are applicable to their lives. It is often helpful to integrate material from several chapters in the questions. Some examples include:
Q:
Research into female hormones asserts that
A. estrogen causes women’s bodies to produce “good” cholesterol and to make blood vessels flexible.
B. estrogen strengthens the immune system, making women less susceptible to immune disorders, infections, and viruses.
C. estrogen causes more fat tissue to form around a woman’s hips, providing cushioning for a fetus during pregnancy.
D. estrogen causes the liver to process alcohol more slowly, making women quicker to feel the effects of alcohol.
E. all of the above
Q:
In the movie When Harry Met Sally, Harry says to Sally that men and women cannot be friends. Your book discusses some challenges and benefits of cross-sex friendships. Note at least two challenges and two benefits of cross-sex friendships. For each of the challenges you mention, note one way that friends could help to navigate that potential issue.
Q:
Which of the following is/are true of queer theory?
A. Queer theory critiques what we consider to be normal and abnormal.
B. Queer theory applies to only gay people, not heterosexual people.
C. Queer theory focuses on sexuality as the most important identity marker.
D. Queer theory advocates for more defined identity categories.
E. All of the above
Q:
The Lilly Ledbetter Act of 2009
A. bars employers from retaliating against employees who ask about pay schedules.
B. states that wage discrimination occurs whenever an employee receives discriminatory pay.
C. overturned the “separate but equal” doctrine.
D. requires federal employers to provide maternity leave for all employees.
E. expands the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA).
Q:
The term “cis” has come to be used to designate a person who fits conventional gender categories. Explain how cis is used and why it is an important word.
Q:
Define levels of meaning in communication and provide a concrete example of each level of meaning.